Introduction to Physiology Flashcards
physiology
the study of normal biological functioning of living systems (study of organisms and their parts)
pathophysiology
disordered physiological processes (normally associated with disease or injury)
What are the levels of organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
chemical level
when atoms combine to form molecules
cellular level
When cells are made up of molecules. Consists of membrane bound nucleus and cytoplasm. cytoplasm consists of organelles and cytosol
tissue level
when tissues consist of cells preforming similar functions
organ level
consists of 2 or more tissues that preforms a specific function
organ system level
collection of organs that oreform a specific function
organismal level
made up of many organ systems
homeostasis
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
_________ is the key unifying concept in all aspects of physiology.
homeostasis
when a particular biological measurement significantly deviates from normal rage what happens?
homeostasis is not maintained and disease could occur
what is an example of homeostasis in the body?
body temperature control
What three things does regulation/homeostasis involve?
sensor, integrator/control center, and effector
what does the sensor in homeostasis do?
receives information regarding a specific property
what does the control center in homeostasis do?
Detects changes from “normal” set point range for the specific property
what does the effector in homeostasis do?
the action to counter the deviation’s of the specific property from set point to maintain homeostasis
what is homeostasis maintained by?
negative feedback
what causes type 2 diabetes?
Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin.
what causes type 1 diabetes?
caused by the destruction of beta cells
negative feedback
the process by which the deviation of a property from a specific predetermined set point level is opposed, thereby tending to keep the property at the set point level
what is an example of negative feedback? how does it work?
Glucose regulatory system. When blood glucose concentration increases, the pancreas beta-cells start to secrete more insulin.
antagonistic effectors
causes opposite changes
positive feedback
enhances or amplifies a change in the body (tends to move a system away from equilibrium state and make it more unstable
what is an example of positive feedback? explain
Labor. Head of the baby pushes against the cervix. then nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. Oxytocin is carries through the bloodstream to the uterus. oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the baby towards the cervix.
