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Physiology Lecture > Integument System > Flashcards

Integument System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F the integument system is the largest organ

A

true

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2
Q

what is the function of the integument system?

A
  • protection
  • prevents desiccation
  • temperature regulation
  • excretion
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • sensory reception
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3
Q

how does your body temperature regulate?

A

sweating, vasodilation, hair follicles, erector pilli (goosebumps)

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4
Q

what is the layer of the skin in order?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, deep fascia muscle

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5
Q

epidermis

A

superficial, composed of epithelial tissue, upper layer actively shed

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6
Q

what type of tissue is the epidermis consisted of?

A

keritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

dermis

A

deeper , composed of fibrous connectiove tissue

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8
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis consisted of?

A

areolar and dense connective tissue

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9
Q

hypodermis

A

deepest, subcutaneous layer, often not considered part of the integument system

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10
Q

what kind of tissue os the hypodermis consisted of?

A

adipose tissue

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11
Q

what cells are found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells

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12
Q

keratinocytes

A

arise from the basal layer via mitosis, differentiate as they move towards the surface, become filled with keratin and secrete glycolipids which provides physical and antimicrobial shield and waterproofing

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin pigment from melanosomes for uv radiation protection, passed to keratinocytes

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen-presenting immune cells

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15
Q

what are the 5 distinct regions of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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16
Q

stratum basale

A

basal-most layer, separated from the dermis by thin basement membrane; single row of columnar keratinocytes with rapid mitotic division (also contains tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes)

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17
Q

stratum spinosum

A

many layers, keratinocytes produce keratin intermediate filaments, cells begin to shrink and become spiny

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18
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened cells; cells contain lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules

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19
Q

lamellar granules

A

release glycolipids

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20
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

crosslinks keratin intermediate filaments together

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21
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer, few rows of flattened dead keratinocytes (only in thick palm and sole)

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22
Q

stratum corneum

A

very thick with shingle like dead cells filled with keratin (20-30 layer of dead cells)

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23
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis made of?

A

superficial areolar and deep irregular dense connective tissue

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24
Q

what cells are found in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, dermal dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells

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25
Q

fibroblasts

A

produce ground substance and collage for structural support and elastin for flexibility

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26
Q

mast cells

A

immune and inflammatory responses, release histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and cheekiness

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27
Q

what are the 2 distinct regions of the dermis?

A

papillary dermis and reticular dermis

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28
Q

papillary dermis

A

(20%); areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae extend into epidermis for strength and increased surface area; mainly for nutrient and gas exchange between layers

29
Q

reticular dermis

A

(80%); dense irregular connective tissue, contains nerves and vasculature

30
Q

what is the dermal papillae responsible for?

A
  • elevates overlying epidermis forming fingerprints, toe prints etc.
  • Aids in gripping surfaces
31
Q

cleavage lines

A
  • represents separations between large parallel bundles of collagen fibers in the reticular dermis.
  • Aligned to resist tensile force.
32
Q

flexure lines

A
  • Dermal folds positioned near or at joints, reult from dermis being tightly attached to underlying fascia.
  • Secure skin during joint movement
33
Q

striae

A

stretch marks; result from dermal tearing

34
Q

what is the hypodermis and what does it do?

A

consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue, anchors overlying skin with underlying muscle, insulator and fat storage

35
Q

cutaneous nerves

A

indicate touch, pain, itch and temerature

36
Q

touch

A

taction

37
Q

pain

A

nociception

38
Q

itch

A

pruritoception

39
Q

temerature

A

thermoreception

40
Q

cutaneous nerves can be mapped onto the body surface as a series of discrete bands called?

A

dermatomes

41
Q

what is a nail and what is its function?

A
  • scale like modification of the epidermis consisting of hard keratin
  • protects the distal phalanx and enhances delicate movement/ precision in grip
42
Q

nail plate

A
  • possesses a nail edge and root
  • lines in nail bed are the deep layers of epidermis
43
Q

nail matrix

A

the region of the bed that produces the nail (thick exposed opaque region forms lunule)

44
Q

Is the nail a visual indication of a persons health?

A

yes

45
Q

what is the function of hair?

A

sensory (light touch), protection, heat regulation

46
Q

what 3 layers is the hair shaft composed of?

A

medulla, cortex, cuticular scales

47
Q

where does the hair develop?

A
  • developed in the follicles (stratum basale but rooted in the dermis)
  • hair matrix is responsible for producing hair shaft (provides nutrients)
48
Q

why do seniors go grey?

A

melanocytes stop producing

49
Q

what does the hair follicle wall consist of?

A

peripheral connective tissue sheath, glassy membrane, epithelial root sheath

50
Q

what kind of muscle does the erector pilli use?

A

smooth muscle; part of the autonomic nervous system

51
Q

anagen phase

A
  • active growth phase (18 months to 7 years)
  • matrix cells rapidly divide producing hair (0.3 mm per day)
52
Q

catagen phase

A
  • breif regression phase (3 weeks)
  • cell division ceases, follicle undergoes involution and shrinks towards the scalp surface
  • lower half of the follicle becomes attached to hair shaft forming a club hair
53
Q

telogen phase

A
  • resting phase (3 months)
  • hair is shed after 3 months matrix cells are stimulated to start regrowing and follicle re enters anagen phase
54
Q

cutaneous glands

A
  • exocrine glands that secrete their products through a duct on the surface of the body
  • includes sebaceous glands and sweat glands
55
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • simple branched alveolar gland
  • throughout the entire body except palms and soles
  • sebocytes produce oily sebum via holocrine secretion
  • lubricates the skin to protect against friction and pathogens and makes it more impervious to moisture
56
Q

holocrine secretion

A
  • product is released into the duct by the rupture of the plasma membrane which destroys the cell
  • contraction of surrounding myoepithelial cels expels sebum into hair follicle and coats the hair
57
Q

sweat glands (sudoriferous)

A
  • appendages of the integument
  • entire body, produce up to 500 ml sweat per day
58
Q

what types of sweat glands are there?

A

eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands

59
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A
  • simple tubular
  • highly concentrated on palms, soles, forehead
  • coiled base is deep in the dermis
  • duct superficially opens to a pore
  • eccrine sweat is primarily a filtrate of blood and resists bacterial growth and aid in thermoregulation
60
Q

merocrine secretion

A

product excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial walled duct and onto skin surface

61
Q

eccrine sweat is produced in?

A

The glands coil where it is isotonic with the blood plasma

62
Q

at low sweat rates in eccrine sweat glands salt is _________ and actively ___________ by the glands duct.

A

conserved, reabsorbed

63
Q

at high sweat rates leads to ______ salt reabsorption and allows more water to _______ on the skin to increase _________ _________.

A

less, evaporate, evaporative cooling

64
Q

contraction of ________ _____ surrounding the gland expels eccrine sweat secretion onto the surface of the skin

A

myoepithelial cells

65
Q

what are stimuli for sweating?

A

thermal, emotional, gustatory

66
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A
  • simple tubular, associated with hair
  • mostly limited to the axilla (armpits) and pelvic areas
  • functional at puberty
  • produces a thick substance containing lipids and proteins along with true sweat that produces pheromones
67
Q

what are examples of modified apocrine glands?

A
  • ciliary glands (eyelid secretions)
  • ceruminous glads (earwax)
  • mammary glands (milk)
68
Q

what is the process of apocrine secretion?

A

when a portion of the apocrine sweat gland containing apocrine sweat pinches off and enters the duct. then the contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding glands expels apocrine sweat secretion into hair follicle onto skin surface

69
Q
A

Physiology Lecture (4 decks)

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