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Physiology Lecture > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and line body cavities, forms glands.

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3
Q

connective tissue

A

contains large amounts of extracellular matrix, provides physical support

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4
Q

nervous tissue

A

transit information via electrical signals

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5
Q

muscle tissue

A

generate mechanical force and movement via contraction

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6
Q

T/F: most organs contain all four types of tissues

A

TRUE

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7
Q

what are considered the building blocks of organs?

A

tissue

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8
Q

lining epithelium

A

sheets of cells that cover the body surface (skin) and lines body cavities (digestive and respiratory systems)

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9
Q

glandular epithilium

A

fors most body glands like salavary glands and mucus glands.

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10
Q

where do you normally see epithelial tissue?

A

at the boundary between two different environments

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11
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • protection of underlying tissue
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • sensory reception.
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12
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • high degree of cellularity
  • specialized junctions between adjacent cells
  • polarity
  • support by underlying connective tissue
  • avascular but innervated
  • highly regenerative
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13
Q

what is epithelial tissue classification based on?

A

cell shape and number of cell layers

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14
Q

basal surface

A

layer where new daughter cells are created (most important layer)

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15
Q

what are the 8 types of epithelium?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • pseudo-stratified epithelium
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • stratified columnar epithelium
  • transitional epithelium
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16
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.

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17
Q

what is the simplest form of epithelia?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

diffusion, filtration, secretion and absorbtion

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19
Q

where would simple squamous epithelium be found?

A
  • kidney glomeruli
  • alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)
  • lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
  • lining of the ventral body cavity (serosae)
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20
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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21
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

simple layer of cubelike cells with large spherical nuclei

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22
Q

where would simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • kidney tubules
  • ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  • ovary surface
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23
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells with round/oval nuclei; some cells may have cilia; layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

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24
Q

what is the function simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • absorption
  • secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
  • ciliated types propel mucus by ciliary action
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25
Q

where would simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Non ciliated:
- lines most digestive tract (stomach to anus tract)
- small intestine
- gallbladder
- excretory ducts of some glands.
Ciliated:
- lines small bronchi
- uterine tubes
- some regions of uterus

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26
Q

what kind of tissue contains microvilli?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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27
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of the apical plasma membrane that contains a supportive core of actin that is connected to cells cytoskeleton

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28
Q

what does microvilli do?

A

increase surface area

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29
Q

what disease is caused by the destruction of simple columnar epithelium?

A

inflammatory bowel disease (crohns disease)

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30
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of differing heights (some not reaching the free surface); nucleus is seen at different levels; may contain secreting-goblet cells and bear cilia.

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31
Q

what is the function of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • secretion (mostly mucus)
  • propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
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32
Q

where would pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

Non ciliated:
- male sperm carrying ducts
- ducts of large glands
Ciliated:
- upper respiratory tract
- lines trachea

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33
Q

what kind of epithelium contains cilia?

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

cilia

A

contains 9 pairs of microtubules (doublets) surrounding 1 central pair.

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35
Q

what is cilia connected to to help aid in movement?

A

motor protein called dynein

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36
Q

why do chronic smokers constantly cough up mucus?

A

because their cilia is damaged

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37
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of many layers of cells; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened; in keratinized type the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

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38
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in area subjected to abrasion

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39
Q

where would stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Non keratinized:
- moist lining of esophagus
- mouth
- vagina
keratinized:
- forms the epidermis of the skin
- a dry membrane

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40
Q

how is GERD caused?

A

Damage to your esophageal sphincter which causes gastric acid flowing from your stomach back up into your esophagus.

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41
Q

what tissue is damaged that results in GERD

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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42
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

generally two layers of cubelike cells

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43
Q

what is the function of Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

protection

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44
Q

where would Stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • largest ducts of sweat glands
  • mammary glads
  • salivary glands
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45
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

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46
Q

what is the function of Stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection and secretion

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47
Q

where would Stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • small amounts in the male urethra
  • large ducts of some glands
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48
Q

what type of epithelium is rare in the body?

A

stratified columnar epitheium

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49
Q

transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of organ stretch.

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50
Q

what is the fuction of transitional epithelium?

A

permits stretching when needed

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51
Q

where would transitional epithelium be found?

A

lines the uterus, bladder and parts of the urethra

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52
Q

what do cell junctions do?

A

link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis

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53
Q

what does the basement membrane do?

A

anchors the epithelia with the underlying conncetive tissue

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54
Q

what does the basal membrane consist of?

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina (layer of reticular fibers)

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55
Q

what are the reticular fibers in the reticular lamina produced by?

A

areolar connective tissue

56
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete products into the circulatory system

57
Q

what are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas

58
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities via ducts

59
Q

what are examples of exocrine glands?

A

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammory glands, pancreas

60
Q

what gland uses a simple tubular duct?

A

intestinal glands

61
Q

what gland uses a simple branched tubular duct?

A

gastric glands

62
Q

what gland uses a simple alveolar duct?

A

no important example in humans (frogs and fish)

63
Q

what glad uses simple branched alveolar ducts?

A

sebaceous glands

64
Q

what gland uses compound tubular ducts?

A

duodenal glands of the small intestine

65
Q

what glands use compound alveolar ducts?

A

mammary glands

66
Q

what glands use compound tubuloalveolar ducts?

A

salivary glands

67
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

support, connect adjacent tissues, stores nutrients, and immunity

68
Q

what are characteristics of connective tissue?

A

few amount of cells but lots of extracellular matrix.

69
Q

where does all connective tissue originate from?

A

embryonic mesenchyme

70
Q

what kind of cells are found in connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • chondroblasts and chondrocytes
  • osteoblasts and osteocytes
  • adipocytes
  • erythrocytes and leukocytes
  • mast cells
71
Q

what is ground substance? what does it do?

A

Gel like substance that holds water and varies among connective tissue types. Responsible for providing protection and resisting compression

72
Q

what fibers are found in connective tissue?

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

73
Q

what is the function of collagen fibers?

A

strongest fiber and resist tension (allows for stretching)

74
Q

what is the function of reticular fibers?

A

mesh-like network responsible for support (scaffolding)

75
Q

what is the function of elastic fibers?

A

strong recoil ability

76
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star shaped mesenchymal cells

77
Q

where is the mesenchyme usually found?

A

primarily in the embryo

78
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue; gel-like matrix with all three fibers types; consists of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells.

79
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue; same matrix as areolar connective tissue, bust very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, have nucleus pushed into the side by fat droplet.

80
Q

what is the function of adipose connective tissue

A

provides reserved food fuel, insulation, support and protection of organs

81
Q

where would adipose connective tissue be found?

A

under the skin in the hypodermis; around the kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

82
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue; network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

83
Q

what is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A

fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages

84
Q

where would reticular connective tissue be found?

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

85
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

dense connective tissue; mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblasts; defense ells and fat cells are also present.

86
Q

what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

87
Q

where would dense irregular connective tissue be found?

A

fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

88
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

dense connective tissue; mostly parallel collagen fibers and few elastic fibers; majority of the cell type is fibroblasts

89
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

attaches muscles to bone or to muscles; attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when fulling force is applied in one direction

90
Q

where would dense regular connective tissue be found?

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

91
Q

dense elastic connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of elastic fibers

92
Q

what is the function of dense elastic connective tissue?

A

allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

93
Q

where would dense elastic connective tissue be found?

A

walls of arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within walls of bronchial tubes

94
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common; amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form impermeable network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae

95
Q

whats a mature chondroblast called?

A

chondrocyte

96
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resist compressive stress

97
Q

where would hyaline cartilage be found?

A

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilage of the ribs; cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

98
Q

how is osteoarthritis formed?

A

simple wear and tear of hyaline cartilage resulting bone on bone.

99
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic in matrix

100
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

maintains the shape and structure while allowing flexibility (stretch and recoil)

101
Q

where would elastic cartilage be found?

A

supports the external ear; epiglottis

102
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix is similar but less firm than the hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers are predominate

103
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

tensile strength with ability to absorb compressive shock

104
Q

where would fibrocartilage be found?

A

intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

105
Q

bone

A

connective tissue; hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized

106
Q

what is the function of bone?

A
  • supports and protects
  • provides levels for muscles to act on
  • stores calcium and other nimerals and fats
  • marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation
107
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells

108
Q

what is the function unit of the cortical bone?

A

osteon

109
Q

compact bone

A

a hard, solid osseous tissue found in the cortex of all bones.

110
Q

spongy bone

A

Spongy bone is softer than compact bone. Spongy bone is composed of branches of trabeculae. Spongy bone is lighter in weight than compact bone. Spongy bone receives nutrients through osteons.

111
Q

blood

A

connective tissue; red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

112
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

113
Q

covering and lining membranes are composed of both ________ _________ and underlying _______ ________.

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue proper

114
Q

lamina propria

A

thin layer of areolar tissue which lies beneath the epithelium of mucous membranes

115
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

the membrane that covers the body surface (skin)

116
Q

serous membrane

A

lines the body cavities that are closed to the exterior

117
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines body cavities that are open to the exterior

118
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of?

A

neurons and supporting cells (neuroglia)

119
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A

receive signals from the environment via receptors

120
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

send signals to effectors

121
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue?

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors that control the activity of the effecter organs

122
Q

where is nervous tissue found?

A

brian, spinal cord and nerves

123
Q

what types of neuroglia are in the central nervous system?

A

ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia

124
Q

what types of neuroglia are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

satellite cells and Schwann cells

125
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord and secretes spinal fluid

126
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

wrap myelin on the axons of neurons in the CNS

127
Q

astrocytes

A

contributes to the blood brain barrier; acts as a gatekeeper

128
Q

microglia

A

immune cells in the central nervous system

129
Q

satellite cells

A

cover the dorsal root ganglion

130
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap myelin on the axons of neurons in the PNS

131
Q

T/F neurons can be some of the longest cells?

A

TRUE

132
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

133
Q

cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells, consist of intercalated disks

134
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

135
Q

where is cardiac muscle located?

A

the walls of the heart

136
Q

smooth muscle

A

spindle shaoed cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

137
Q

what is the function of smooth muscel

A

propels substances or objects (food, urine, baby) along the internal passageways; involuntary control

Physiology Lecture (4 decks)

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