Introduction to Physical Pharmacy Flashcards by Cez Banzuela

Q

concerned with the entire process of
converting drugs into medicines.

A

Pharmaceutics

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Q

This requires the following:
* Understanding of the basic physical chemistry necessary for the
efficient design of dosage forms.
* The design and formulation of medicines.
* The manufacture of these medicines on both small (compound) and
large (pharmaceutical technology) scale.
* The cultivation, avoidance, and elimination of microorganisms in
medicines.

A

Pharmaceutics

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Q

is a substance recognized in an official
pharmacopoeia or formulary

intended for use in the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

other than food, intended to affect the
structure or function of the body

intended for use as a component of a medicine but not
a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device

A

Drug

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Q

Chemical compound with
pharmacological (or other direct
effect ) intended for used in
diagnosis, treatment or prevention
of diseases

International nonproprietary names
(INN, “generic” names)

A

ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL

INGREDIENT

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Q

“inactive” ingredients
For technological, biopharmaceutical
and/or stability reasons
Eg. Diluents/fillers, binders, lubricants,
disintegrants, coatings, preservatives and
stabilizers, colorants and flavourings
May elicit response, hence should always be stated
(i.e. in the case of allergies)
help deliver API effectively

A

PHARMACEUTICAL
EXCPIENT/ADDITIVES

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Q

Physical form
ex: tablets, powder, liquid, suspension, etc.

A

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

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Q

formed by
technological processing (drug formulation)
must therapeutic intentions, route of administration,
dosing, etc.

A

drug delivery system

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Q

Routes of
Administration

Drug Delivery System

A

INTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

Intravenous (IV) Administration

A

INTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

Intra-arterial (IA) Administration

A

INTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

Intracardiac (IC) Administration

A

INTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

ORAL

A

Enteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

SUBLINGUAL

A

Enteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

RECTAL or SUPPOSITORY

A

Enteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

BUCCAL

A

Enteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

SUBCUTANEOUS

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INTRAMUSCULAR

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INTRADERMAL- PENICILLIN TEST

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INTRAPERITONEAL-NAGDADAYALISIS

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INTRAOCULAR-EYES

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INTRATHECAL-BUNTIS AND ADMINISTRATION NG ANESTHESIA

A

Parenteral Administration
EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

INHALATIONALS

A

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

Intranasal

A

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Q

Topical & Transdermal

A

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

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Vaginal

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

Urethral

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

* To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity (coated tablets, sealed ampules) * To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration (enteric-coated tablets) * To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance (capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups)

DOSAGE FORMS

Ocular and Otic

EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION

* To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity

(coated tablets, sealed ampules)

To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration

(enteric-coated tablets)

To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance

(capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups)

* To provide liquid preparations of drug substances, either as dispersions (suspensions) or as clear preparations (solutions) * To provide rate-controlled drug action (various controlled-release tablets, capsules, and suspensions) * To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites (ointments, creams, transdermal patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations)

DOSAGE FORMS

To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices (rectal or vaginal suppositories) * To provide for placement of drugs directly in the bloodstream or body tissues (injections) * To provide for optimal drug action through inhalation therapy (inhalants and inhalation aerosols)

DOSAGE FORMS

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Solid Oral Dosage Forms Liquid Dosage Forms Gaseous Dosage Forms Semi-solid Dosage Forms DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Powders and Granules Tablet Capsule Modified-Release

Solid Oral Dosage Forms

Liquid Dosage Forms

Solutions Dispersed Systems Colloidal Systems

Gaseous Dosage Forms

Gases Aerosols

Semi-solid Dosage Forms

Solid -Powder Liquid- solutions Solutions- Aqueous solution, Alcoholic tincture

Dermatologicals

Paste Oily paste Ointment cream Lotion Hydrogel

Ointment

lipophilic Ointment Hydrophilic Ointment

Cream

Lipophilic cream Hydrophilic cream

Lotion

Suspension Emulsion

concerned with the use of physico-chemical principles as applied to various branches of pharmacy

Physical Pharmacy

The difference between a physical reaction and a chemical reaction is

composition.

Color Smell Freezing point Boiling point Melting point Capacitance Density Volume Mass Viscosity Etc.

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Reactivity Flammability Heat of Combustion Oxidation states Coordination Number Half-life Etc.

Intramolecular Forces of Attraction

Ionic Covalent

transfer of electrons between a metal & nonmetal usually observed in the formation of salts

Ionic

sharing of electrons between two nonmetals responsible for numerous organic compounds

Covalent

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Binding Forces Attractive Forces

Binding Forces

Cohesion Adhesion Repulsion

Attractive Forces

van Der Waal Forces Hydrogen Bonding Ion-Dipole Ion-Induced dipole

equal

nonpolar

Weak forces that involve displacement of charge Exist in all molecules and atoms

Van der Waals Forces

unequal

polar

Dipole-Dipole

Keesom Forces

Dipole-Induced dipole

Debye Forces

Induced dipole-Induced dipole

London Forces

electrostatic interaction of H with highly electronegative atoms (S, N, Cl, F, O) accounts for unusual properties of water Strong IMF Partly covalent as the electron of the H atom is substantially delocalized to the electronegative atom Indicative of solubility in water ↑ hydrogen bonds = ↑ solubility in water ↑ C chain = ↓ H-bonding = ↓ solubility in water

Hydrogen Bonds

polar molecules are attracted to either positive or negative charges occurs when a salt is dissolved in a polar solvent

Ion-Dipole Interaction

induced by close proximity of a charged ion to the nonpolar molecules Example: formation of the iodide complex (I2 + K+I - → K+I3-

Ion-Induced dipole Interaction

h20

keesom hydrogen bond

CCl4

LDF

SO2

KEESOM

LiF

Ionic Bond

Ca(NO3) aqueous solution

Ion dipole

HF

Keesom Hydrogen bond

PCL3

LDF

Keesom Forces

Water, ethanol, HCl (gas), phenol

Debye Forces

Ethyl acetate, ether, methylene chloride

London Forces

Carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, hexane

depend on the mass

Extensive Property

do not depend on the mass

Intensive Property

Extensive Property

1.Mass 2.Length 3.Volume

Intensive Property

4.Temperature 5.Pressure 6.Density 7.Viscosity 8.Surface tension 9.Specific gravity 10.Color

depends on the total contribution of the amount in the molecules molecular weight, mass

Additive

depends on the arrangement and on the number and kind of atoms within a molecule. fractive index, optical rotation

Constitutive

depends on the number of solute in a solution. vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmosis

Colligative