Introduction to Philosophy Flashcards
Is the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.
Philosophy
It is called _ because the investigation is systematic
Science
The philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply human reason alone or the so called unaided reason
Natural Ligight of Reason
This sets the distinction between philosophy from other sciences
Study of all things
A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever
First Cause or Hight Principle
Whatever is is, and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is it’s own being, and not being is not being
Principle of Identity
It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect
Principle of Non-Contradiction
A thing is either or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible
Principle of Excluded Middle
Nothing exist without a sufficient reason for its being and existence
Principle of Sufficient Reason
Limited to the ideas and outlook of a single party or a single age
A narrow provincialism of mind
The Branches of Phylosophy
Metaphysics
Ethics
Epistemology
Logic
Aesthetic
Deals with the first principles of things including abstract concepts such as being knowing substance, cause identity, time, and space.
Metaphysics
He claims that everything we experience is water which call “reality”. Everything else is appearance when then sent out to try to explain everything else
Thales
According to him “Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real”
Plato
the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles
Ethics
Obey moral code
Religion
The author of Lifting the Veil -problem of the Negro or Double Conciousness
Du Bois
Whole expression⭕
Thesis
Black soul🔺
Antethesis
Blacks conciousness of freedom🔺(o)
Synthesis
deals with the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge
Epistemology
Specific to general
Induction
General to specific
Deduction
is a philosophical approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. It emphasizes the usefulness and practical impact of ideas and actions over abstract principles. In essence, if a concept or action works well in practice, it is considered valid or true
Pragmatism
They believe that value in use is the real test of trust
William James and John Dewey
Greek word _(coined by Zeno, the stoic) refers the science of art of reasoning
Logike
It is an arguments and claims need to be evaluated closely and weighed to determine whether they involve correct reasoning.
Logic
Science of beauty
Aesthetic
3 Great original of Philosophy in the world
Greek
China
Indian
Greek Triumvirates
Plato
Aristotle
Socrates
3 dimensions of Filipino Thought
Loob
Filipino Philosophy of Time
Bahala Na
Holistic and interior kagandahang-loob, kabutihang-loob, and kalooban terms that show sharing of ones self to others
Loob
Filipino time is always delayed I the committee time arrival
Filipino Philosophy of Time
Subconsciously accepts. Surrender it to the all mighty
Bahala Na
the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth sometimes called reincarnation
Samsara
He founded phenomology- focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances
Edmund Husserl
Entities the phychologistic view and proposes to replace it with his own conception “pure logic” as prior framework
Logical Investigation
German philosophy, had used the word to refer to the world of our experience
Immanuel Kant
Husserls intentionality (enumerate)
Intentional Acts of Consciousness
Intentional Objects of Consciousness
Intentional Content of Consciousness
First and best known is the _ or suspension that he describes in ideas: “General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology”
Epoche Reduction
Eliminates the merely empirical contents of consciousness and focuses instead on the essential
Ederic Reduction
hold that humans have no pregiven purpose or essence laid out for them by God or by nature; it is up to each one of us to decide who and what we are through our own actions
Existentialism
Danish Philosopher insisted that the authentic self was the personally chosen self
Kierkegaard
A French philosopher emphasizes the importance of free individual choice
John-Paul Sartre
Spiritual nature of true self
St. Augustino
a term that refers to a self-
conscious cultural movement that reacted against the principles and ideals of the modernist movements in literature, art, architecture, film, philosophy, etc.
Postmoderism
also called linguistic philosophy means the common experience and ordinary language to analyse concepts and language in philosophy.
Analytic Tradition
Analysis and constructive of arguments
Logic
Distinguish facts and opinions or personal feelings
Critical thinking
common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument
Fallicies
a German Philosopher, argues that our tastes and judgements regarding beauty, work in connection with one’s own personal experience and culture.
Hans-Georg Gadamer
interiority manifests itself in freedom. Loob puts one in touch with his fellow beings. Great Philippine values, in fact, are essentially interpersonal; the values of loyalty, hospitality, pakikisama (camaraderie, conformism), and respect to authority;
Mercado (1992)
appealing to a person’s unfortunate circumstances or exploiting/targeting the listener’s emotions to gain sympathy
Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam)-
argument that offers lack of evidence as if it were evidence to the contrary; “Because there is no evidence saying otherwise or against mine, I stand correct.”
Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam)-
use of the same word/s in different contexts but mean different things; vagueness of words
Equivocation-
assuming that what is true for the individual parts is true for the whole (specific to general)
Composition-
assuming that what is true for the whole is applicable to the parts/individual members (general to specific)
Division-
irrelevantly attacking the person or an aspect of his/her instead of addressing the argument itself; taking it personally
Against the Person (Argumentum ad Hominem)-
arguer appeals to violence or the threat of force to make someone accept a conclusion; rational argument is thrown out the window
Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum)
claiming that something is true simply because it is what a large number of people believe; appeal to common belief/bandwagoning
Appeal to People (Argumentum ad Populum)-
assumption that a relation exists between two things/events when either such relationship does not exist or evidence supporting it is insufficient; “Because Situation A happened, it resulted in Situation B”
False Cause (Post Hoc)
jumping into conclusions without enough evidence to back it up; leads to unjustified/inaccurate generalizations
Hasty Generalization
conclusion is assumed to be in one of the premises; circular reasoning
e.g. “Women are always right because men are always wrong.”
Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
aims to inform/state a fact as is
Cognitive Meaning
amplifying the emotions so the reason gets overlooked
Emotive Meaning-
Ways of Informing People
Cognitive Meaning
Emotive Meaning-
essential goodness of natural self in contrast to the “corruption” imposed by society
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
refers to a method owing a great deal to the pioneers— Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, Wittgenstein, and J.L. Austin
Analysis
