Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug; absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
Therapeutic Index
LD 50/ED 50
Therapeutic Window
TD 50/ED 50 - minimum toxic concentration/minimum effective concentration
Chemical Bond Strength
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Hydrophobic van der Waals
Interaction Antagonism
1 + 1 = 0
Interaction Potentiation
1 + 0 = 3
Interaction Synergism
1 + 1 = 3
Interaction Addition
1 + 1 = 2
Down - Regulation
continued simulation with agonist results in a reduced of receptors, subsequent exposure is diminished
Up - Regulation
continued administration with antagonist results in an increased number of receptors, causes the development of tolerance
pKa
ionization constant
0 = 50/50
0.5 = 75/25
>1 = 99/1
Functional Tolerance
‘pharmacodynamics tolerance’ - change in tissue sensitivity
Dispositional Tolerance
‘pharmacokinetic tolerance’ - can in absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion
Phase 1 Metabolism
oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
usually form active toxic metabolites
Phase 2 Metabolism
conjugation, synthesis
usually form inactive polar metabolites
First Order Pharmacokinetics
half-life: it takes the same amount of time to reduce the concentration by 50%, no matter how much drug
Zero-Order Elimination
constant amount is eliminated over time
alpha half-life
redistribution half-life of the drug
beta half-life
after the drug is distributed; due to metabolism
4 categories of patients with protein deficiency
- malnutrition
- liver disease
- kidney disease
- 3rd trimester of pregnancy
protein binding: acidic versus basic drugs
- acidic drugs = albumin
- basic drugs = AAG
protein binding _____ is significant
> 90%
volume of distribution
<0.6 = low, not lipid soluble >0.6 = high, lipid soluble
