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Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction?

A

A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man

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2
Q

List 4 factors that may predispose patients to develop ADRS.

A
  1. Use of unlicensed and off-label prescribing
  2. Different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics
  3. Overdosing
  4. Under-reporting: studies show that between 45%-92% of ADRs are identified
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3
Q

List 8 medications involved in adverse events requiring an ED visit.

A
  1. Insulin (most common)
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Anticoagulants
  4. Aspirin
  5. Ibuprofen
  6. Acetaminophen
  7. Hydrocodone
  8. Intentional overdoses
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4
Q

What is the true rate of adherence for appropriate drug use?

A

50%

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5
Q

What are the adherence rates if medication is dosed 1x/day? 2x/day? 3x/day?

A 
1x/day = 73%
2x/day = 70%
3x/day = 52%
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6
Q

List 3 steps of the pre-clinical development process of a drug.

A
  1. Target Audience or Disease is identified
  2. Chemists generate compounds
  3. Pharmacologists perform testing on cells and animals
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7
Q

What are the 4 phases of the drug development process?

A

Phase I: Safety
Phase 2: Safety and Effectiveness
Phase 3: Safety and Effectiveness
Phase 4: Safety (Post-marketing Surveillance)

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8
Q

What takes place during phase 3 of the drug development process?

A

Phase 3: Safety and Effectiveness

Large studies are performed in different countries and populations to assess differences in drug metabolism

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9
Q

What takes place during phase 4 of the drug development process?

A

Post marketing surveillance: drug is being monitored after being released on the marked, for ARDS

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10
Q

One should not take a drug until it has been out on the market for at least ____ years.

A

2 years

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11
Q

True or False: Drug naming is consistent.

A

False

Based on source, chemistry, effects, and regulation

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12
Q

What class of drugs are named based on their pharmacotherapuetic action?

A

Anti-hypertensive drugs

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13
Q

What class of drugs are named based on their pharmacological action?

A

Diuretics

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14
Q

What class of drugs are named based on their molecular target?

A

Beta blockers

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15
Q

List the 4 process involved with the pharmacokinetics of a drug.

A

ADME

  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolized
  4. Elimination
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16
Q

List 6 things that influence the absorption of a drug.

A
  1. Physiochemical properties
  2. non-ionized are absorbed better, and acids are absorbed better in low pH (bases are absorbed better in higher pH)
  3. Lipid/water coefficient K: lipid soluble drugs are absorbed better
    blood flow to the site of administration
  4. Dosage Form: liquid faster than capsules
  5. Temperature: higher temps facilitate absorption
  6. Exercise
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17
Q

Drugs should be taken ____ exercise.

A

AFTER

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18
Q

The distribution of a drug depends on where _____ and presence of ______.

A
  1. Blood flows

2. Plasma proteins (albumin)

19
Q

Why is there decreased drug distribution in patients with liver disease?

A

Drugs bound to albumin are no longer free to act at target organ.

In liver disease there is low albumin and thus greater free drug availability -leads to toxicity

20
Q

What is volume of distribution? Equation?

A

Hypothetical concept to describe where the drug exists in the body

Vd = [dose]/[plasma concentration]

21
Q

Describe the difference between a small vs large volume of distribution.

A

Small Vd : drug will be confined to the plasma compartment –stays mainly in blood stream (eg. heparin and warfarin).

Large Vd: drug can easily pass through the lipid membranes and are distributed widely around the body.

22
Q

What is drug metabolism?

A

Modifies drug to facilitate excretion (filtered through glomerulus and the excreted in urine)

23
Q

Most drugs are eliminated through the ______.

A

Kidneys

24
Q

What is bioavailability? What type of drugs are 100% bioavailable?

A

% of given dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

Drugs given IV are 100% bioavailable

25
Q

Enzyme _____ drugs increase the activity of the enzymes responsible for its metabolism.

A

Induction

26
Q

Enzyme _____ drugs decrease the activity of the enzymes responsible for its metabolism.

A

Inhibition

27
Q

What is first order elimination?

A

Rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration (a constant % of drug is lost per unit of time)

28
Q

Drugs with first-order elimination have a characteristic ____.

A

half-life of elimination (t1/2)

Time it takes for the concentration to decrease to half the value it had at the start of the dosing interval

29
Q

What is zero order elimination?

A

A constant amount of drug is lost per unit time.

30
Q

Any drug given through the mouth or into any part of the GI tract is considered ____.

A

Enteral

31
Q

______ proteins allow the selective passage of specific ions when the ion channel is open.

A

Transmembrane spanning proteins

32
Q

What is the difference between an agonist and a partial agonist?

A
  1. Agonist is a compound that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response
  2. Partial agonist produces a response but cannot produce 100% of the response even at a high dose
33
Q

A _____ blocks or reverses the effect of agonists.

A

ANTAGONIST

34
Q

List 3 things that decline with age that affect pharmacokinetics.

A
  1. Liver function
  2. Renal Clearance
  3. Maintenance dose should decrease
35
Q

Why should the maintenance dose decrease with age?

A

Metabolizing drugs becomes more difficult with age, thus older individuals have more active drug in their blood stream, warranting for a decrease in dosage.

36
Q

True or False: Medication should be taken AFTER exercise. Why or why not?

A

TRUE

Should be taken after exercise because the drug may not be metabolized effectively in the body if taken before exercise due to decrease blood flow to the kidney and liver.

37
Q

List 2 areas that receive decreased blood flow during exercise.

A

Kidneys

Liver

38
Q

What 3 areas receive increasing blood flow during exercise?

A

Heart
Skin
Muscles

39
Q

What types of drugs should be given DURING exercise? Why?

A

Transdermal patches

Why?: increase in heat and blood flow to the skin will result in greater absorption of drugs given transdermally

40
Q

In general expect ____ fold increase in plasma drug levels especially at temperatures higher than ____ degrees C.

A

1.5-2.5 fold increase

30 degrees C

41
Q

Slowing of gastric emptying when exercise intensity reaches ____ VO2max—delays absorption. Why?

A

70%

Delays absorption because the drug is subjected to degradation from acid secondary to decreased blood flow to the digest tract during exercise.

42
Q

Exercise reduces ____ which results in more rapid drug elimination.

A

Volume of distribution (Vd)

43
Q

The clearance of ______ ratio drugs depends on blood flow so during exercise there is less metabolism.

A

High hepatic extraction

44
Q

The clearance of ______ ratio drugs are not affected by change in blood flow during exercise but may be affected by level of fitness.

A

Low hepatic extraction

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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