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PHARMACOLOGY > INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The science concerned with history, sources, physical, chemical properties of drugs, and ways in which drug affect biological systems

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

Are chemicals that are introduced into the body

A

drugs

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3
Q

Science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing medicines

A

pharmacy

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4
Q

Identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources

A

pharmacognosy

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5
Q

Study of poisonous aspect of drugs

A

toxicology

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6
Q
  • Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose diseases
  • aka Clinical pharmacology
A

pharmacotherapeutics

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7
Q
  • How the drugs are affected by the biological system
  • What the body does the drug
A

pharmacokinetics

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8
Q
  • Effects of drugs in biological systems
  • What the drug does to the body
A

pharmacodynamics

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9
Q

Chemical structure of the drug

A

chemical name

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10
Q

Official nonproprietary name of drugs, universally accepted.

A

generic name

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11
Q

Proprietary name, chosen by drug company

A

brand / trade name

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12
Q

5 sources of drugs

A
  • plant
  • mineral
  • animal
  • synthetic
  • microorganism
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13
Q

drug development:

To know if substance has potential to become a drug

A

in vitro studies

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14
Q

drug development:

We check if drug is efficacious, if there is any selectivity for it to exert its effect

A

animal testing

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15
Q

clinical trial:

  • Concerned with pharmacokinetics of drugs
  • Limited no. of healthy participants (20-100)
  • To know if drug is safe
A

phase 1

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16
Q

clinical trial:

  • Does it work in patients?
  • Subject has disease
  • 100-200 participants
A

phase 2

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17
Q

clinical trial:

  • Does it work double blind?
  • 1000-6000 patients

-Nurse and patient does not know if it is the trial drug they’re testing to check if it is still working

A

phase 3

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18
Q

clinical trial:

  • Postmarketing Surveillance
  • Can last for a long time (10-20 years)
  • Adverse reactions for long time use
A

phase 4

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19
Q

Needs to be prescribed first before acquired

A

prescription drugs

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20
Q

Can be bought even without prescription

A

OTC drugs

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21
Q

Not yet done with clinical drugs

A

investigational drugs

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22
Q
  • Prohibited substances
  • Should not be sold to the public because of addictive effects
A

illicit / street drugs

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23
Q

Sometimes some of the drugs once absorbed by tissues can also go back to the blood

A

re-distribution

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24
Q

The processes of entry of a drug into the systemic circulation from the site of its administration

A

absorption

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25
Q
  • Majority of drugs used clinically use this transport
  • Direction of movement of solutes is downstream
A

passive diffusion

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26
Q
  • Higher to lower concentration
  • These substances are large enough, polar, or ionized that they need a gate for them to be able to enter inside cell
A

facilitated diffusion

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27
Q

Will be able to move substance from lower to higher concentration by using ATP

A

active transport

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28
Q

Utilizes large drug molecules for it to be able to enter cell

A

edocytosis

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29
Q

GI tract -> Portal Circulation -> Systemic Circulation

A

first pass hepatic metabolism

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30
Q

the measure of the fraction of a dose that reaches the systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

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31
Q

___ doses have 100% bioavailability

A

intravascular

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32
Q

Process wherein drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the target organ

A

distribution

33
Q

___ is not an active/true receptor, but once drug binds to it, drug will not be able to exert its effect, hence it will be inactive

A

albumin

34
Q

___ drugs contain phenyl hydroxide and cross blood brain barrier

A

-phen

35
Q

Most low molecular weight medicines cross the ___

A

placenta

36
Q

Permeable only to lipid soluble or low molecular weight drugs

A

blood brain barrier

37
Q

Is the metabolic conversion of drug to more water soluble metabolites that are more readily excreted

A

metabolism

38
Q

main organ of metabolism

A

liver

39
Q

metabolism:

  • reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis
  • goal: make drug more water soluble but still in active form
A

phase 1

40
Q

metabolism:

  • methylation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation
  • Drugs metabolized here are given to older patients
  • goal: make drug more water soluble with the hope of it to be inactive
A

phase 2

41
Q
  • Primarily found in liver
  • Primary phase I enzyme system involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics
  • Responsible for metabolism and synthesis of endogenous compounds like steroids and prostaglandins
A

cytochrome p450 system

42
Q

Termination of the drug

A

elimination

43
Q

main organ of elimination

A

kidneys

44
Q

It is the time to eliminate 50% of a given amount of drug or to decrease plasma level to 50% of the former drug level

A

elimination half-life

45
Q
  • Filtration is not saturable
  • Ionized and nonionized are filtered but protein bound drugs are not
  • Acidification and alkalinization happens in reabsorption
A

renal elimination

46
Q
  • Constant AMOUNT of the drug is eliminated per unit time
  • Rate of elimination is independent of plasma concentration
  • fixed; no half-life
A

zero order kinetics

47
Q

Drug enters the plasma and lasts until it reaches the minimum effective concentration (MEC)

A

onset of action

48
Q

Drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

A

peak of action

49
Q

Length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

A

duration of action

50
Q

The concentration level a drug must reach in order to exert its intended effect

A

minimum effective concentration

51
Q

the concentration need to reach for drug to exert safe effects

A

therapeutic window

52
Q

Ability of the drug to bind to the receptor. How good the drug and the receptor recognize each other

A

affinity

53
Q

The quantity of the drug to achieve a desired effect

A

potency

54
Q

Maximal effect an agonist can achieve at the highest practical concentrations

A

efficacy

55
Q

A drug binding to receptors will elicit a response

A

agonist

56
Q

A drug binding to a receptor will elicit no response and it prevents the agonist from binding to the receptor

A

antagonist

57
Q

Fraction of the population that responds at each dose against the log of the dose administered

A

quantal dose response curve

58
Q

50% of population will be able to get effect from drug

A

Median effective (ED50)

59
Q

50% of population will have its toxic effects at this specific dose

A

Median toxic (TD50)

60
Q

50% of population will die

A

Median lethal (LD50) doses

61
Q

Measurement of drug safety

A

therapeutic index

62
Q

Are physiologic effects of drugs not related to desired drug effects, may be desirable or undesirable.

A

side effects

63
Q

Are a range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects

A

adverse reactions

64
Q

FDA:

No evidence of risk

A

category a

65
Q

FDA:

Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus.

A

category b

66
Q

FDA:

There are no animal reproduction studies & no adequate studies in human.

A

category c

67
Q

FDA:

Evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable.

A

category d

68
Q

FDA:

Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities

A

category x

69
Q
  • Self-determination
  • Before giving drug, px must be able to choose if they’d take the drug or not
A

autonomy

70
Q
  • through truth telling
  • What px should know, before, during, and after taking drug
A

veracity

71
Q

do no harm

A

non-maleficence

72
Q

prevent harm, do good

A

beneficence

73
Q

Give to each person his/her right or due

A

justice

74
Q

Not to divulge information without consent

A

confidentiality

75
Q

Different treatments, there is beneficial and harmful effect beneficial should outweigh harmful

A

double effect

76
Q

An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic name

A

RA 6675 (GENERICS ACT OF 1988)

77
Q
  • All prescriptions must contain the following information: Name of the prescriber, office address, License no., Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) No., Patient’s name, age, sex and date of prescription
  • Include drug name (generic name), dispense number, label or signature (tells how drug should be given to patient)
A

RA 5921 (PHARMACY ACT)

78
Q

Act that states which drugs are prohibited in the country (recreational/illegal drugs)

A

RA 6425 (DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972)

79
Q

10 rights in drug administation

A
  • client
  • drug
  • route
  • dose
  • time
  • to education
  • assessment
  • documentation
  • evaluation
  • to refuse

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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