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Histopathology > Introduction to Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Body cells are divided in to two main types:

A

epithelial and mesenchymal cells

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2
Q

First published cellular theory of disease, bringing in the concept that diseases occur due to abnormalities at the level of cells

A

Virchow, 1859

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3
Q

Most forms of diseases begin with _____ followed by ______

A

cell injury
consequent loss of cellular formation

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4
Q

Defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment

A

cell injury

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5
Q

In general, cells of the body has ______ to deal with changes in environment to an extent

A

inbuilt mechanism

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6
Q

When there is an increased functional demand, the cell may _____ to the changes which are expressed morphologically and then revert back to normal after stress is removed.

A

adapt

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7
Q

When he stress is mild to moderate, the injured cell may _______ , while when the injury is persistent ____ may occur or (____)

A

recover (reversible cell injury)
death (irreversible cell injury)

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8
Q

The residual effects of reversible cell injury may persist in the cell as evidence of cell injury at _____, or ______

A

subcellular changes
intracellular accumulations

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9
Q

The cells may be broadly injured by two major ways:

A

genetic causes
acquired causes

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10
Q

The acquired causes of cell injury can be further categorized as under:

A
  1. Hypoxia and Ischaemia
  2. Physical agents
  3. Chemical and drugs
  4. Microbial agents
  5. Immunologic agents
  6. Nutritional derangements
  7. Aging
  8. Psychogenic diseases
  9. Iatrogenic causes
  10. Idiopathic diseases
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11
Q

It means deficiency of oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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12
Q

It is the most common cause of cell injury, that may result to ischaemia

A

Hypoxia

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13
Q

The most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury is by reduced supply of blood to cells due to interruption

A

Ischaemia

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14
Q

CDK means

A

cyclin dependent kinase

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15
Q

Hypoxia may result from other causes as well as:

A

disorders of oxygen-carrying RBCs
heart diseases
lung diseases
increased demand of tissues

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16
Q

Physical agents in causation of disease are as under:

A
  1. Mechanical trauma
  2. Thermal trauma
  3. Electricity; radiation
  4. Rapid changes in atmospheric pressure
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17
Q

This can lead to impaired disability of the cells to undergo replication and repair, and ultimately lead to cell death culminating in death of the individual

A

Cellular aging

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18
Q

Example of this include occurrence of disease or death due to error in judgment by the physician and untoward effects of administered therapy (drugs, radiation)

A

Iatrogenic causes

19
Q

It means “unknown of cause”

A

Idiopathic

20
Q

Cell physiologic and pathologic adaptations occur by the following processes:

A

decreasing or increasing their size (atrophy & hypertrophy)
increasing their number (hyperplasia)

21
Q

Postfix means nourishment

A

-trophy

22
Q

Postfix means growth of new cells

A

-plasia

23
Q

Prefix word means transformation

A

meta-

24
Q

Prefix word means bad development

A

dys-

25
Q

In general, the adaptive responses are _______ on _____

A

reversible on withdrawal stimulus

26
Q

Various mechanisms which may be involved in adaptive cellular responses include the following:

A
  1. altered cell surface receptor binding
  2. alterations in signal for protein synthesis
  3. Synthesis of new proteins by the target cell such as heat shock proteins (HSPs)
27
Q

Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the ______, but rather various receptors are activated, in result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the cellular space

A

Apoptopic signal transduction pathway

28
Q

Necrosis initiates in the surrounding tissue an inflammatory response which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes which eliminated the dead cells by ______

A

phagocytosis

29
Q

A classic example of necrosis

A

Gangrene

30
Q

A procedure that is known to remove necrotic tissue surgically

A

debridement

31
Q

Types of necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Colliquative necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Gangrenous necrosis
  5. Fibrinoid necrosis
  6. Fat necrosis
32
Q

a type of necrosis that is characterized by the formation of gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained

A

Coagulative necrosis

33
Q

Coagulative necrosis can be observed by what microscopy?

A

Light microscopy

34
Q

It occurs as a result of protein denaturation, causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state (e.g., Myocardial Infarction)

A

Coagulation

35
Q

A type of necrosis that is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass

A

Colliquative necrosis

36
Q

A type of necrosis with an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis which interacts with macrophages. The necrotic tissue appears as white and friable, like clumped cheese

A

Caseous necrosis

37
Q

Necrosis to the appendage, usually the limbs

A

Gangrenous necrosis

38
Q

Is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage- smooth muscular necrosis, fibrin release (malignant hypertension)

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

39
Q

Is a specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissue such as the pancreas.

A

Fat necrosis

40
Q

Nuclear changes related to necrosis:

A
  1. Margination of chromatin
  2. Pyknosis
  3. Karyolysis
  4. Karyorrhexis
41
Q

Chromatin condending arround the periphery of the nucleus

A

Margination of chromatin

42
Q

Small and dense nuclei

A

Pyknosis

43
Q

Complete lysis of the nuclei

A

Karyolysis

44
Q

Nuclei fragmentation (generally seen in apoptosis)

A

Karyorrhexis

Histopathology (5 decks)

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