Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
Body cells are divided in to two main types:
epithelial and mesenchymal cells
First published cellular theory of disease, bringing in the concept that diseases occur due to abnormalities at the level of cells
Virchow, 1859
Most forms of diseases begin with _____ followed by ______
cell injury
consequent loss of cellular formation
Defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment
cell injury
In general, cells of the body has ______ to deal with changes in environment to an extent
inbuilt mechanism
When there is an increased functional demand, the cell may _____ to the changes which are expressed morphologically and then revert back to normal after stress is removed.
adapt
When he stress is mild to moderate, the injured cell may _______ , while when the injury is persistent ____ may occur or (____)
recover (reversible cell injury)
death (irreversible cell injury)
The residual effects of reversible cell injury may persist in the cell as evidence of cell injury at _____, or ______
subcellular changes
intracellular accumulations
The cells may be broadly injured by two major ways:
genetic causes
acquired causes
The acquired causes of cell injury can be further categorized as under:
- Hypoxia and Ischaemia
- Physical agents
- Chemical and drugs
- Microbial agents
- Immunologic agents
- Nutritional derangements
- Aging
- Psychogenic diseases
- Iatrogenic causes
- Idiopathic diseases
It means deficiency of oxygen
Hypoxia
It is the most common cause of cell injury, that may result to ischaemia
Hypoxia
The most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury is by reduced supply of blood to cells due to interruption
Ischaemia
CDK means
cyclin dependent kinase
Hypoxia may result from other causes as well as:
disorders of oxygen-carrying RBCs
heart diseases
lung diseases
increased demand of tissues
Physical agents in causation of disease are as under:
- Mechanical trauma
- Thermal trauma
- Electricity; radiation
- Rapid changes in atmospheric pressure
This can lead to impaired disability of the cells to undergo replication and repair, and ultimately lead to cell death culminating in death of the individual
Cellular aging
Example of this include occurrence of disease or death due to error in judgment by the physician and untoward effects of administered therapy (drugs, radiation)
Iatrogenic causes
It means “unknown of cause”
Idiopathic
Cell physiologic and pathologic adaptations occur by the following processes:
decreasing or increasing their size (atrophy & hypertrophy)
increasing their number (hyperplasia)
Postfix means nourishment
-trophy
Postfix means growth of new cells
-plasia
Prefix word means transformation
meta-
Prefix word means bad development
dys-
In general, the adaptive responses are _______ on _____
reversible on withdrawal stimulus
Various mechanisms which may be involved in adaptive cellular responses include the following:
- altered cell surface receptor binding
- alterations in signal for protein synthesis
- Synthesis of new proteins by the target cell such as heat shock proteins (HSPs)
Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the ______, but rather various receptors are activated, in result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the cellular space
Apoptopic signal transduction pathway
Necrosis initiates in the surrounding tissue an inflammatory response which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes which eliminated the dead cells by ______
phagocytosis
A classic example of necrosis
Gangrene
A procedure that is known to remove necrotic tissue surgically
debridement
Types of necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Colliquative necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
- Fibrinoid necrosis
- Fat necrosis
a type of necrosis that is characterized by the formation of gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained
Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis can be observed by what microscopy?
Light microscopy
It occurs as a result of protein denaturation, causing albumin to transform into a firm and opaque state (e.g., Myocardial Infarction)
Coagulation
A type of necrosis that is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass
Colliquative necrosis
A type of necrosis with an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis which interacts with macrophages. The necrotic tissue appears as white and friable, like clumped cheese
Caseous necrosis
Necrosis to the appendage, usually the limbs
Gangrenous necrosis
Is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage- smooth muscular necrosis, fibrin release (malignant hypertension)
Fibrinoid necrosis
Is a specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissue such as the pancreas.
Fat necrosis
Nuclear changes related to necrosis:
- Margination of chromatin
- Pyknosis
- Karyolysis
- Karyorrhexis
Chromatin condending arround the periphery of the nucleus
Margination of chromatin
Small and dense nuclei
Pyknosis
Complete lysis of the nuclei
Karyolysis
Nuclei fragmentation (generally seen in apoptosis)
Karyorrhexis
