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Histopathology > Introduction to Histopath (PPT: Lecture 1A) > Flashcards

Introduction to Histopath (PPT: Lecture 1A) Flashcards

1
Q

Disease process:

A
  1. Stage of Susceptibility
    –> Exposure
  2. Stage of Subclinical Disease (Pathologic Changes)
    –> Onset of Symptoms
    –> Usual time of diagnosis
  3. Stage of Clinical Disease
  4. Stage of Recovery, Disability or Death
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2
Q

Subclinical under Pathology:

A
  1. Anatomical Pathology
  2. Clinical Pathology
  3. Molecular Pathology
  4. Forensic Pathology
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3
Q

Under Anatomical Pathology:

A

Cytotechnology
Histology

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4
Q

Under Clinical Pathology:

A

Chemistry
Hematology
Microbiology
Transfussion services

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5
Q

Under Molecular Pathology

A

Cytogenetics
Molecular Diagnostics

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6
Q

Under Forensic Pathology

A

Autopsy
Forensic toxicology

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7
Q

To aid in the diagnosis of a disease

A

Histologic slides (Tissue)

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8
Q

Methods and techniques useful in the identification of cells to help in disease diagnosis, prognosis and prevention

A

Cytologic techniques

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9
Q

They provided a beginning for anatomical pathology and autopsy. They performed the first scientific human cadaveric dissections over a previous of 30 to 40 years.

A

Herophilus and Erasistratus

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10
Q

It means study of disease

A

Pathologia

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11
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cellular swelling

A

Reversible cell injury

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12
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cell death

A

Irreversible cell injury

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13
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Responses remain within the range of homeostais

A

Reversible cell injury

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14
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cells are exposed to heavy doses of toxins

A

Irreversible cell injury

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15
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cell returns to original state after cessation of injury

A

Reversible cell injury

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16
Q

Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:

Cells are exposed to anoxia and sever or prolonged hypoxia

A

Irrevesible cell injury

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17
Q

Lack of oxygen availability in tissues

A

Hypoxia

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18
Q

Relative deficiency of oxygen in blood

A

Hypoxemia

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19
Q

Arterial Po2 of Hypoxemia

A

<80 mmhg

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20
Q

Lack of oxygen utilization by tissues

A

Dysoxia

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21
Q

Ischaemia —> Blood flow ___ —> leads to ____

A

decreased –> hypoxia

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22
Q

Infarction –> Blood flow ____ –> leads to ____

A

Cut off –> Necrosis

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23
Q

Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes

Muscle unloading in: disuse, bedrest, suspension, aging, and microgravity

A

Atrophy

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24
Q

Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes

Muscle loading in: exercise and body growth

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

One type of mature cell changes into another type

A

Metaplasia

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26
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Disorederd cellular development

A

Dysplasia

27
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Conversion in cell type

A

Metaplasia

28
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Changes in the phenotype of cells

A

Dysplasia

29
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Occur in Epithelial and mesenchymal cells

A

Metaplasia

30
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

It only occur in Epithelial cells

A

Dysplasia

31
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

It occur due to external stimulus

A

Metaplasia

32
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Occur due to the alternation of Genetic material

A

Dysplasia

33
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

Reversible on withdrawal the stimulus

A

Metaplasia

34
Q

Metaplasia or Dysplasia:

It may regress on removing the stimulus or may progress to high grade

A

Dysplasia

35
Q

Uncontrolled Cell death

A

Necrosis

36
Q

Programmed cell suicide

A

Apoptosis

37
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

In size: cellular swelling and many cells are affected

A

Necrosis

38
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

In size: cellular shrinkage and only one cell is affected

A

Apoptosis

39
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Uptake: Cell contents ingested by macrophages and has significant inflammation

A

Necrosis

40
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Uptake: Cell contents ingested by neighbouring cells and has no inflammatory response

A

Apoptosis

41
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis occurs

A

Necrosis

42
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Membrane blebbing, but integrity maintained, apoptopic bodies are formed

A

Apoptosis

43
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Organelle swelling and lysosomal leakage, it has random degradation of DNA

A

Necrosis

44
Q

Necrosis or Apoptosis:

Mitochondria release pro-apoptopic proteins and has chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation

A

Apoptosis

45
Q

Death or complete cessation of metabolic and functional activities of the organism.

A

Somatic death

46
Q

Somatic death primary changes:

A
  1. Circulatory failure
  2. Respiratory failure
  3. CNS failure
47
Q

Somatic death secondary changes:

A
  1. Algor mortis
  2. Rigor mortis
  3. Livor mortis
  4. Postmortem clotting
  5. Desiccation
  6. Putrefaction
  7. Autolysis
48
Q

cooling of the body (fist demonstrable change)

A

Algor mortis

49
Q

rigidity or stiffening of the muscles.

A

Rigor mortis

50
Q

purplish discoloration o lividity of the skin

A

Livor mortis

51
Q

mass formed from the constituents of the blood in vitro or within the cardiovascular system after death

A

Postmortem clotting

52
Q

Drying and wrinkling of cornea

A

Desiccation

53
Q

production of foul-smelling gases

A

Putrefaction

54
Q

self-digestion of the cells

A

Autolysis

55
Q

Universal response to tissue injury:

A

Inflammation

56
Q

5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:

A

Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function

57
Q

First to respond to bacteria or a virus

A

Neutrophils

58
Q

Known for their role in allergy symptoms

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Known for their role in asthma

A

Basophils

60
Q

Fight infection by producing antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Clean up dead cells

A

Monocytes

62
Q

The cells which have not become specialized, e.g., cells in early embryos

A

Undifferentiated cells

63
Q

The cells which have become specialized for doing certain job. e.g., muscle cell, nervel cell

A

Differentiated cells

Histopathology (5 decks)

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