Introduction to Histopath (PPT: Lecture 1A) Flashcards
Disease process:
- Stage of Susceptibility
–> Exposure - Stage of Subclinical Disease (Pathologic Changes)
–> Onset of Symptoms
–> Usual time of diagnosis - Stage of Clinical Disease
- Stage of Recovery, Disability or Death
Subclinical under Pathology:
- Anatomical Pathology
- Clinical Pathology
- Molecular Pathology
- Forensic Pathology
Under Anatomical Pathology:
Cytotechnology
Histology
Under Clinical Pathology:
Chemistry
Hematology
Microbiology
Transfussion services
Under Molecular Pathology
Cytogenetics
Molecular Diagnostics
Under Forensic Pathology
Autopsy
Forensic toxicology
To aid in the diagnosis of a disease
Histologic slides (Tissue)
Methods and techniques useful in the identification of cells to help in disease diagnosis, prognosis and prevention
Cytologic techniques
They provided a beginning for anatomical pathology and autopsy. They performed the first scientific human cadaveric dissections over a previous of 30 to 40 years.
Herophilus and Erasistratus
It means study of disease
Pathologia
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Cellular swelling
Reversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Cell death
Irreversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Responses remain within the range of homeostais
Reversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Cells are exposed to heavy doses of toxins
Irreversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Cell returns to original state after cessation of injury
Reversible cell injury
Reversible or Irreversible cell injury:
Cells are exposed to anoxia and sever or prolonged hypoxia
Irrevesible cell injury
Lack of oxygen availability in tissues
Hypoxia
Relative deficiency of oxygen in blood
Hypoxemia
Arterial Po2 of Hypoxemia
<80 mmhg
Lack of oxygen utilization by tissues
Dysoxia
Ischaemia —> Blood flow ___ —> leads to ____
decreased –> hypoxia
Infarction –> Blood flow ____ –> leads to ____
Cut off –> Necrosis
Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes
Muscle unloading in: disuse, bedrest, suspension, aging, and microgravity
Atrophy
Cellular adaptation to stress: Change in sizes
Muscle loading in: exercise and body growth
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
One type of mature cell changes into another type
Metaplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Disorederd cellular development
Dysplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Conversion in cell type
Metaplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Changes in the phenotype of cells
Dysplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Occur in Epithelial and mesenchymal cells
Metaplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
It only occur in Epithelial cells
Dysplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
It occur due to external stimulus
Metaplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Occur due to the alternation of Genetic material
Dysplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
Reversible on withdrawal the stimulus
Metaplasia
Metaplasia or Dysplasia:
It may regress on removing the stimulus or may progress to high grade
Dysplasia
Uncontrolled Cell death
Necrosis
Programmed cell suicide
Apoptosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
In size: cellular swelling and many cells are affected
Necrosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
In size: cellular shrinkage and only one cell is affected
Apoptosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Uptake: Cell contents ingested by macrophages and has significant inflammation
Necrosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Uptake: Cell contents ingested by neighbouring cells and has no inflammatory response
Apoptosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis occurs
Necrosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Membrane blebbing, but integrity maintained, apoptopic bodies are formed
Apoptosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Organelle swelling and lysosomal leakage, it has random degradation of DNA
Necrosis
Necrosis or Apoptosis:
Mitochondria release pro-apoptopic proteins and has chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation
Apoptosis
Death or complete cessation of metabolic and functional activities of the organism.
Somatic death
Somatic death primary changes:
- Circulatory failure
- Respiratory failure
- CNS failure
Somatic death secondary changes:
- Algor mortis
- Rigor mortis
- Livor mortis
- Postmortem clotting
- Desiccation
- Putrefaction
- Autolysis
cooling of the body (fist demonstrable change)
Algor mortis
rigidity or stiffening of the muscles.
Rigor mortis
purplish discoloration o lividity of the skin
Livor mortis
mass formed from the constituents of the blood in vitro or within the cardiovascular system after death
Postmortem clotting
Drying and wrinkling of cornea
Desiccation
production of foul-smelling gases
Putrefaction
self-digestion of the cells
Autolysis
Universal response to tissue injury:
Inflammation
5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function
First to respond to bacteria or a virus
Neutrophils
Known for their role in allergy symptoms
Eosinophils
Known for their role in asthma
Basophils
Fight infection by producing antibodies
Lymphocytes
Clean up dead cells
Monocytes
The cells which have not become specialized, e.g., cells in early embryos
Undifferentiated cells
The cells which have become specialized for doing certain job. e.g., muscle cell, nervel cell
Differentiated cells