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Diseases of Food Animals > Introduction to Pathogenic Bacteria > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathogenic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

sudden death in cattle with large spleens

A

need to consider anthrax

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2
Q

when should anthrax be considered as a differential diagnosis for sudden death in ruminants?

A

multiple deaths, anthrax prone areas (south dakota), summer months, dry weather

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3
Q

why should an anthrax suspect carcass never be opened?

A

spore formation and dissemination that allow anthrax spores to exist in soil for decades

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4
Q

why is anthrax common in dry weather?

A

ingesting more soil due to digging up dry forages for consumption

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5
Q

name of bacterium

A

genus then species

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6
Q

name of disease

A

in [] after name of bacterium

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7
Q

bacteria are a major cause of loss of life and productivity in food animals

A

true

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8
Q

pathogen

A

microbe or parasite that causes disease

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9
Q

virulence

A

the capacity to cause disease through transmission and how infectious it is

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10
Q

low virulence

A

cause disease in immunocompromised animals and neonates

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11
Q

high virulence

A

able to cause disease in healthy animals

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12
Q

host

A

an animal or organism infected with a pathogen

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13
Q

host range

A

the species that are susceptible to infection

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14
Q

infection

A

presence of infectious agent in or on the body

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15
Q

infection

A

presence of a microbe within or on the body surface. it is not always associated with disease

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16
Q

infected and non diseased animals may…

A

spread the pathogen to others and have decreased productivity, subclinical disease

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17
Q

clinically affected

A

disease

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18
Q

subclinically affected

A

infection

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19
Q

Clostridium chauvoei

A

first bacterium identified in 1880 by Chauveau, blackleg bacillus

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20
Q

1845

A

Gerlach found anthrax transmitted by inoculation and persists in soil

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21
Q

1860-1864

A

Pasteur demonstrated that bacteria cause disease, confirmed germ theory of disease, identified nosema bombycis is cause of pebrine disease in silk worms

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22
Q

bacteria size

A

0.1-10 um, 100x smaller than visible to naked eye

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23
Q

coccus

A

round bacteria, Streptococcus suis

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24
Q

rod

A

elongated bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella dublin

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25
Q

spiral

A

curved bacteria, Campylobacter fetus

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26
Q

spiral helix

A

twisted bacteria, leptospira pomona

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27
Q

bacterial structure

A

prokaryotes, mostly single celled, plasmids, cell wall, flagella, pili, single round chromosome

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28
Q

plasmids

A

encode for virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes

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29
Q

cell wall

A

varies between bacteria

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30
Q

flagella

A

important for motility and distribution varies

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31
Q

pili

A

important for attachment to host tissues, important for causing disease

32
Q

bacterial DNA

A

single main circular chromosome

33
Q

cell wall properties

A

gram positive and gram negative

34
Q

gram positive

A

stain blue, peptidoglycan, streptococcus suis and trueperella pyogenes

35
Q

gram negative

A

stain pink, lipopolysaccharide, mannheimia hemolytica, salmonella spp.

36
Q

gram neutral bacteria

A

leptospira pomona

37
Q

acid fast: waxy cell wall

A

mycobacterium bovis

38
Q

acid fast: no cell wall

A

mycoplasma bovis

39
Q

bacteria classifications

A

structure and heterogeneity, cell wall properties, oxygen requirements and toxicity

40
Q

strict aerobe

A

requires oxygen, E. coli and salmonella spp.

41
Q

strict anaerobe

A

oxygen is toxic, no protective mechanisms against free radicals, clostridia sp.

42
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

different metabolic systems to switch between to survive in aerobic and anaerobic environments, clostridia sp.

43
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

colonize in parts of the body where there is no oxygen, areas of tissue damage that aren’t receiving blood supply, sometimes the intestinal tract

44
Q

Clostridium Chauvoei

A

anaerobic bacteria that lives in intestinal tract to cause blackleg

45
Q

what parts of the body are normally sterile?

A

upper urinary tract, blood, lungs, mammary glands, upper reproductive tract, liver, kidney, heart, brain

46
Q

what parts of the body normally have a microbial flora?

A

skin, gastrointestinal tract, lower reproductive tract, lower urinary tract, mouth, ears, upper respiratory tract, teat canal

47
Q

some bacterial pathogens are also normal flora

A

cause disease when they enter sterile areas of the body

48
Q

how do bacteria enter sterile places in the body?

A

stress, damaged tissues, and impaired immune system

49
Q

prevention and control of normal flora that become pathogenic

A

minimize stress and implement vaccination programs

50
Q

normal flora of throat that can become pathogenic

A

mannheima haemolyticum and pasteurella multocida

51
Q

normal flora of lower urinary and reproductive tract that can become pathogenic

A

mycoplasma spp. and ureaplasma spp.

52
Q

normal flora of intestinal tract that can become pathogenic

A

clostridium perfringens

53
Q

how do bacteria cause disease? (normal flora)

A

parts of flora or from infection with stress or concurrent disease, bacteria access sterile site, proliferation and toxin production, inflammation and organ disfunction, disease

54
Q

how do bacteria cause new disease? (new infection)

A

new infection, tissue invasion, proliferation and toxin production, inflammation and organ disfunction, disease

55
Q

adhesins

A

proteins that promote virulence, encoded from plasmids, that allow for attachment

56
Q

adhesin example

A

K99(cow) and K88(pig) of E. coli attach to intestinal lining

57
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted protein toxins that cause damage to cells

58
Q

exotoxin example

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli and shiga-like toxin 2

59
Q

E. coli (enterotoxin)

A

watery diarrhea, enterotoxin induces increased secretion of water into the intestine, treated with fluid therapy

60
Q

E. coli (shiga-like toxin 2)

A

bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis, causes death of intestinal lining cells, treated with fluids and antibiotics

61
Q

endotoxins

A

non-protein based, made of lipopolysaccharide, important for gram negative bacteria

62
Q

gram negative endotoxins

A

contribute to inflammation including pneumonias (mannheimia haemolytica) and septicemias (E. coli)

63
Q

anthrax bacillus

A

persist for decades in environment due to spore formation in soil

64
Q

clostridial spp and fusobacterium spp.

A

survive for years in the environment

65
Q

E. coli and salmonella

A

exist for weeks/ months depending on environmental conditions

66
Q

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

A

limited survival in environment due to no cell wall and fragility

67
Q

diagnosis of bacterial infections

A

clinical examination, necropsy, culture and identification, DNA detection by PCR, detection of endotoxin proteins, detection of cell wall molecules by immunohistochemistry, evaluation of immune response

68
Q

identification of bacterial components without culture

A

detection of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detection of exotoxin proteins (clostridial toxins), detection of cell wall molecules by immunohistochemistry, evaluation of immune response

69
Q

which samples to use for culture or direct detection?

A

diseased organs or tissues for necropsy (lung, liver, brain), secretions and excretions for live animals (nasal or ocular discharge, feces)

70
Q

bacterial culture

A

allows for antibiotic sensitivity assays

71
Q

fastidious

A

bacteria that are difficult to grow in culture

72
Q

direct identification

A

DNA by PCR, bacterial toxins by ELISA, immunohistochemistry of tissue, microscopy of tissue or secreted fluids

73
Q

direct identification examples

A

anthrax by PCR, brucella immumohistochemistry, leptospires found in kidney tissue and urine under microscope

74
Q

inference of bacteria infection or exposure based on immune status

A

antibody tests and caudal fold test

75
Q

caudal fold test

A

bovine tuberculosis immune status test

76
Q

serological test

A

brucellosis antibody test

Diseases of Food Animals (6 decks)

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