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Diseases of Food Animals > Immunity and Infection > Flashcards

Immunity and Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

global determinants of infectious disease in a herd/flock

A

exposure to infection, spread of infection within group, resistant to infection, and treatment of sick animals

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2
Q

exposure to infection

A

biosecurity and eradication

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3
Q

resistance to infection

A

genetic resistance to disease, colostral immunity, vaccination, environment, and nutrition

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4
Q

spread of infection within group

A

stocking density, reoval of sources of contamination, isolation of sick animals

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5
Q

treatment of sick animals

A

individual animal treatment, group treatment, antibiotics

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6
Q

infection and immunity balance

A

factors promoting infection balance with factors promoting immunity

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7
Q

factors promoting immunity

A

vaccines, limiting stress, biosecurity

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8
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

not common infection but common in weak animal groups

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9
Q

highly pathogenic agents

A

cause disease in immune competent animals (EX: salmonella, pathogenic E. coli, influenza, anthrax)

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10
Q

less pathogenic agents

A

cause sever infections in immune deficient, immune competent may carry infection (EX: cryptosporidium, non-pathogenic E. coli)

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11
Q

what groups would be susceptible to opportunistic infections?

A

young animals, immunosuppressive drugs, pregnant animals

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12
Q

the major components of defense

A

physical and chemical barriers to infection, innate immune responses, and acquired immune responses

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13
Q

first line of defense

A

physical and chemical barriers

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14
Q

physical and chemical barriers examples

A

nasal cavity traps inhaled microorganisms, antimicrobial protein in saliva and tears, trachea and lung epithelial barrier, skin barrier, intestinal epithelial barrier

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15
Q

respiratory barriers

A

nasal cavity and muco-ciliary escalator

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16
Q

respiratory barriers: nasal cavity

A

nasal turbinate bones have lots of surface area and trap large particles of dust and bacteria, viruses and fungi

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17
Q

respiratory barriers: muco-ciliary escalator

A

lining of the airway has lots of mucous, mucous catches the bacteria and cilia move the bacteria up to be coughed out

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18
Q

what environmental conditions influence the efficacy of the muco-cilary escalator?

A

drop in humidity and drop in temperature decrease transport velocity and impair muco-ciliary clearance

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19
Q

viruses can damage physical barriers

A

bovine respiratory disease complex, viruses damage respiratory epithelium and impair muco-ciliary clearance increasing the risk of bacterial pneumonia.

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20
Q

innate immunity specificity

A

non-specific responses

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21
Q

adaptive immunity specificity

A

pathogen specific responses

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22
Q

innate immunity adaptability

A

response is not more effective on second exposure to pathogen

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23
Q

adaptive immunity adaptability

A

improved response on second exposure to pathogen

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24
Q

innate immunity speed

A

activated in minutes, important during initial/early infection

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25
Q

adaptive immunity speed

A

days to weeks for full immunity

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26
Q

innate immunity defense

A

complement proteins, lysozyme in milk, saliva, and tears, lactoferrin in saliva

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27
Q

adaptive immunity defense

A

antibody dependent, cell mediated immunity

28
Q

acute

A

short duration or sudden onset

29
Q

itis

A

inflammation

30
Q

innate immunity: acute inflammation

A

acute mastitis from staphylococcal infection, acute pneumonia from mannheimiosis, acute enteritis from salmonella

31
Q

what are 5 signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

32
Q

what are the key phagocyte cell types involved in innate immunity?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

33
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

isolate and destroy disease causing microorganisms

34
Q

innate immunity neutrophil defense

A

draining of pus onto surface of site of inflammation, focal accumulation of pus in tissue cavities (abscessation), phagocytize bacteria

35
Q

outcomes of acute infection in individual animals

A

local acute inflammation can lead to recovery and reduced productivity and tissue damage or systemic inflammation and death

36
Q

what are examples of reduced productivity?

A

growth, milk yield, fertility

37
Q

adaptive immunity key cells

A

lymphocytes

38
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies bind to pathogens in body fluids

39
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

immunity against intracellular pathogens

40
Q

humoral immunity defined

A

production of antibodies by plasma cells, antibody mediated, B lymphocytes differentiate into antibody mediating cells

41
Q

B cells

A

named from the bursa of fabricius in the bird, made in bone marrow of mammals and develop into plasma cells

42
Q

antibody types

A

five major classes of antibody, IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE

43
Q

IgA

A

important for mucosal immunity, respiratory and GI tracts

44
Q

IgM

A

often first to be produced following infection, early in infection, valuable for diagnostics

45
Q

IgG

A

most abundant in the body, used for quantification of antibodies in the blood

46
Q

IgE

A

important for immunity to multicellular parasites

47
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

bind extracellular pathogens and mediate destruction, promote phagocytosis by bringing antigens close to phagocytes

48
Q

passively acquired immunity

A

maternal transfer and injection of antibodies

49
Q

passive maternal transfer

A

placental transfer of antibodies and colostral transfer of antibodies

50
Q

passive injection of antibodies

A

antitoxins are used during outbreaks of enterotoxemia types C and D, generally doesn’t work well, used as treatment rather than prevention

51
Q

relationship between serum IgG and survival in calves

A

higher IgG leads to greater survival rates of calves

52
Q

passive transfer of antibodies via placenta is species dependent

A

ruminants and pigs are born without any IgG in the blood, mothers do not pass IgG through the placenta, humans and rodents have placental crossover of IgG due to fewer layers of placenta to maternal antibodies

53
Q

colostral antibody absorption is time dependent

A

the sooner the better, first 24 hours of life IgG can be absorbed, IgG broken down if given late

54
Q

how are antibodies absorbed from colostrum into the blood stream?

A

endocytosis of the intestinal epithelium

55
Q

failure of passive transfer

A

important predisposing factor to infectious disease in neonatal ruminants, piglets, and foals, major risk for neonatal disease

56
Q

colostrum failure of passive transfer predisposing factors

A

insufficient colostrum, ingested too late resulting in poor absorption, mother not exposed to relevant pathogens, mother in poor condition not producing milk, unhealthy neonate not wanting to drink milk

57
Q

passive immunity wanes

A

in the first weeks of life

58
Q

how long does passive immunity need to last?

A

it needs to last until adaptive immunity has to developed so an animal is not susceptible disease

59
Q

why is initial intake of colostrum important?

A

sufficient intake is important, if initial intake is low there will be a gap where antibody is low before the animal develops adaptive immunity

60
Q

T lymphocytes

A

develop in the thymus, key role in cell mediated immunity

61
Q

cell mediated immunity and killing

A

mediated by T cells, antibody independent, important for defense against intracellular pathogens

62
Q

diagnostic use of adaptive immune responses

A

useful when infectious agent is difficult to detect or tissue samples are unavailable, serological diagnosis of disease, skin testing for tuberculosis

63
Q

leptospira in cattle disease sign

A

anemia, jaundice, red urine, nephritis

64
Q

rising antibody titer in graphs

A

demonstrates exposure to the pathogen and body producing antibodies, or building antibodies from vaccine

65
Q

single antibody titers

A

of limited use for acute infections

66
Q

paired titers

A

important for diagnosis of infectious diseases, enables confirmation of recent infection when initial results were negative, takes 2 weeks to obtain

67
Q

single titers are valuable for

A

detecting disease where there has been no vaccination, like surveillance of foreign animal diseases

Diseases of Food Animals (6 decks)

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