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Diseases of Food Animals > Introduction to Parasitic Diseases of Food Animals > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitic Diseases of Food Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

disease sign

A

symptoms that can have different underlying causes

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2
Q

disease

A

manifestation of an infection

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3
Q

parasite phyla diversity

A

nematodes, tapeworms, flatworms, and protozoa

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4
Q

metazoa

A

multicellular, nematodes, tapeworms, and flatworms

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5
Q

protozoa

A

single celled

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6
Q

nematodes

A

or roundworms, economically important if food animals

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7
Q

nematode disease presentation

A

parasitic gastroenteritis and hemonchosis, problem in younger animals

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8
Q

nematode characterisitics

A

numerous species, direct life cycle, some are more pathogenic than others

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9
Q

nematode host species

A

some species affect sheep and cattle, wildlife species may carry domestic animal nematode parasites

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10
Q

direct life cycle

A

one host involved in the parasitic life cycle

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11
Q

adult tapeworms

A

cause mild intestinal disease with not much economical significance

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12
Q

tapeworm larval stages

A

cause non-intestinal disease

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13
Q

tapeworm characteristics

A

mainly direct lifecycle, tapeworms easily identified in feces, segmented parasites

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14
Q

flat worms

A

liver flues in ruminants are important in wet and temperate areas of the USA

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15
Q

liver fluke lifecycle

A

indirect, two hosts involved in lifecycle, snails ingest liver fluke, offspring in pasture, cow ingest offspring

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16
Q

why is understanding lifecycle important?

A

for prevention and control of parasites

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17
Q

liver flukes: sheep

A

cause acute to chronic liver disease, can cause significant morbidity and mortality in a flock

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18
Q

liver flukes: cattle

A

more resistant than sheep, disease is uncommon, livers are often condemned at processing plants

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19
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms that need host cells to replicate

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20
Q

protozoa: coccidia

A

cause scours and enteritis in young sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and poultry

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21
Q

coccidia importance

A

commercially important disease, worldwide distribution including Wyoming, preventative treatment is often used with intensive farming systems

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22
Q

protozoa: cryptosporidia

A

causes scours and enteritis in neonates

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23
Q

cryptosporidia importance

A

common cause of neonatal diarrhea in ruminants and pigs, zoonotic mainly in the young and immune suppressed

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24
Q

protozoa: toxoplasma gondii

A

important cause of abortion in sheep and goats

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25
Q

toxoplasma gondii importance

A

zoonotic, important risk for pregnant women

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26
Q

protozoa: neospora caninum

A

causes abortion in cattle

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27
Q

neospora caninum importance

A

problematic in dairy farms, prevalent in california

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28
Q

questions to ask about parasitic disease cases

A

grazing history
lambing and breeding season
symptoms
what they treated with
environment/location
new animals
pre-risk disease history

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29
Q

why is weakness and pale skin a disease sign of parasitism?

A

blood suckers can cause anemia

30
Q

hemonchus contortus

A

or barber’s pole worm, are blood consuming leading to severe anemia in the host, settle in the abomasum

31
Q

hemonchus contortus environment

A

prevalent in warm, moist, subtropical, and tropical areas

32
Q

hemochus contortus importance

A

most important disease affecting some sectors of goat and sheep farming industry, can be a problem in cattle, not the only parasite of the abomasum

33
Q

hemonchus contortus lifecycle

A

direct lifecycle, eggs pass through feces and ruminant consumes larval phase while adults develop in the abomasum

34
Q

hemonchus contortus control

A

good treatment and pasture management, treat during adult stages and then move pastures

35
Q

monitoring for hemonchus contortus

A

fecal parasite counts and evaluating eyes for anemia

36
Q

control of hemonchus contortus disease

A

anthelminthic program, pasture management

37
Q

what does pasture management look like to control disease?

A

rotational grazing, strip grazing, crop rotations, avoid overgrazing, and avoid grazing young or susceptible animals on contaminated pastures

38
Q

why may a response to anthelmintics be poor?

A

reinfection from larvae on pasture, parasite resistance, wrong dosage, improper administration, degraded drugs

39
Q

hemonchus key points

A

cause of serious disease and economical loss in small ruminants, worldwide, uncommon in WY, control includes deworming, breed resistance, and pasture management

40
Q

why are fungi important?

A

directly invade animal tissues, direct ingestion of mycotoxins on food material causes disease in animals, mycotoxins ingested by animals may pass into human food chain

41
Q

fungi directly invade animal tissues

A

ringworm in cattle, aspergillosis in poultry

42
Q

direct ingestion of mycotoxins on food material causes disease in animals

A

fescue foot in cattle where fungus grows on tall fescue (ergovaline), ergotism in cattle where fungus grows on wheat and rye grass (ergotamine)

43
Q

mycotoxins ingested by animal may pass into human food chain

A

mycotoxins secreted into milk, some mycotoxins are carcinogenic leading to liver cancer, liver cancer rates are high in humans in countries with less regulation, mycotoxins in animal and human feeds are regulated by the FDA

44
Q

the most common way that humans ingest mycotoxins

A

grain

45
Q

ringworm in cattle

A

can affect many other species, form spores that survive for prolonged periods in porous surfaces, highly infectious with housed cattle but has self limiting infection

46
Q

ringworm in cattle susceptibility

A

common in young animals, zoonotic causing mild skin disease

47
Q

ringworm in cattle treatment and control

A

antifungal drugs in feed, will resolve on its own, keep buildings clean to prevent build up of spores and have proper ventilation

48
Q

Aspergillosis in poultry linked with

A

contaminated buildings, spores of Aspergillus fumigatus contaminate buildings

49
Q

aspergillosis disease signs

A

trouble breathing, inflammation and invasion of fungi in air sacs

50
Q

aspergillosis in poultry

A

often causes loss with high stocking density, cause sever outbreaks in young birds under six weeks

51
Q

aspergillosis remedy

A

difficult to treat so tolerate low level losses or try to eradicate or suppress by building disinfection, fumigation, good sanitation and good ventilation

52
Q

aspergillosis dangers

A

can cause outbreaks that spread quickly with high mortality rate, really hard to get rid of it through disinfection

53
Q

ergotism/fescue foot

A

mycotoxins survive in hay, cases can occur during winter feeding, most important impact is on production at lower doses, summer slump

54
Q

ergotism/fescue foot disease sign

A

mycotoxins cause vasoconstriction and loss of blood supply (ischemia), swollen feet and non-weight bearing lameness

55
Q

prions

A

infectious misfolded prion proteins that due not have nucleic acid

56
Q

what disease do prions cause?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

57
Q

Human prion disease

A

kuru, mid 50’s in New Guinea, infectious through cannibalism

58
Q

Sheep prion disease

A

scrapie, 1930s, not zoonotic

59
Q

Deer and elk prion disease

A

chronic wasting disease, not thought to be zoonotic, reported in farmed deer

60
Q

Cattle prion disease

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy, zoonotic and derivatives, 180,000 cattle cases, 1987-2015, peak in 1992

61
Q

BSE transmitted to humans

A

vCJD, 180 cases, outbreak peaked in 2000

62
Q

misfolded prion protein

A

insoluble, aggregates, difficult for cells to degrade and remove

63
Q

the prion replication cycle

A

spontaneous misfolding to form PrPsc (sporadic disease) is extremely rare, infectious PrPsc converts normal prion proteins

64
Q

prion disease presentation

A

misfolded prions accumulate in the brain and cause degeneration, prions accululate in lymphoid tissues

65
Q

prion diagnosis

A

dead: microscopy of brain tissue
live: biopsy of third eyelid in sheep or rectal tissue in deer, antibody staining

66
Q

would PCR work for prion diagnosis?

A

No, prions do not contain nucleic acid to sequence

67
Q

scrapie

A

cause wasting and itchiness in sheep and goats, vertical transmission from placental ingestion or directly to fetus, close to eradicated in the US

68
Q

CWD

A

mainly wasting in deer, elk, and moose, horizontal transmission through ingestion of prions in contaminated environment, expanding in distribution in WY, CO, NE, overseas, farmed deer

69
Q

how are prions inactivated?

A

autoclaving, heating, soaking in bleach

70
Q

is it possible to eradicate prions from the environment?

A

it is not currently possible to inactivate prions when there is large scale environmental contamination

Diseases of Food Animals (6 decks)

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