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Pathophysiology 1 > Introduction to Patho 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Patho 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary focus of pathology as a discipline?

A

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Its primary focus is to understand the causes, processes, development, and consequences of diseases.

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2
Q

How does physiology differ from pathology?

A

Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms, focusing on how the body’s systems work and respond to challenges, while pathology focuses on the changes in these functions due to disease.

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3
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Pathophysiology is the study of abnormalities in the physiological functioning of living beings. It examines how diseases or abnormal conditions arise and affect the body’s normal biological processes.

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4
Q

which 4 topics are interrelated in pathophysiology?

A

etiology (cause of a disease or abnormality), pathogenesis (sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease or abnormality), clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms that are the result of disturbance caused by a disease), and management implications (using knowledge from all of the above to treat or prevent a disease).

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5
Q

What was health considered as in ancient times?

A

a balance between a person and the environment, the unity of soul and body, a “harmonious/proper functioning of the organs”, the absence of disease.

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6
Q

what is the modern concept of health?

A

a maximum capacity of the individual for self-realization and self-fulfillment (more than the absence of disease).

Health not only refers to the health of the individuals, but also the health of the groups and the community, as a result of the interaction of the individuals with the social environment.

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7
Q

what is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?

A

Health according to WHO

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8
Q

what is the holistic medicine definition of health?

A

Health is a relative state in which one can function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually to express the full range of one’s unique potentialities within the environment in which one lives.

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9
Q

Health and illness are dynamic processes, what does that mean?

A

each person is located on a graduated scale or continuous spectrum (continuum) ranging from wellness and optimal functioning in every aspect of one’s life, at one end, to illness culminating in death, at the other.

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10
Q

what is described as subjective experience of the individual, which can be influenced by culture, social conditions, and individual psychology?

A

illness

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11
Q

what is described as medically definable condition characterized by specific signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests?

A

Disease

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12
Q

what is defined as a broader term that includes societal and cultural aspects of being unwell, often involving social roles and expectations?

A

sickness

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13
Q

what is defined as a a pathological condition that affects a part, organ, or system of the body. It is characterized by a set of specific signs and symptoms and often has identifiable causes, such as bacteria, viruses, genetic mutations, or environmental factors. Diseases can be studied, diagnosed, and treated based on objective, biological criteria?

A

Disease

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14
Q

what does normal and abnormal mean and what do they not mean?

A

Could mean frequent, typical, usual, average, optimal, adequate, ideal, expected.
Normal does not mean absence of disease and abnormal does not mean presence of disease.

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15
Q

what forms basis of medical practice?

A

The distinction between normality and abnormality forms the basis of medical practice.

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16
Q

what demographic factors cause variations in normal values?

A

Normal values vary according to age, sex, race, country, and culture.

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17
Q

what is normal mathematically?

A

Normal is values between 2 standard deviations or the average/mean value which includes 95% of the population. 2.5% of people will have values below or above that normal. Anything outside normal range is abnormal

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18
Q

what is The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems?

A

Epidemiology

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19
Q

what is public health?

A

organized effort to prevent disease and promote health.

Public Health: This is the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards.

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20
Q

what is A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area called?

A

Endemic

occurring at a consistent or regular rate.

For example, malaria is endemic in certain tropical countries.

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21
Q

What is An outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time within a geographic region or population called?

A

Epidemic

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22
Q

what is An epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people called?

A

Pandemic

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23
Q

Refers to having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population. Morbidity also refers to medical problems caused by a treatment.

A

Morbidity

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24
Q

what is The state of being subject to death, or the death rate in a population called?

A

Mortality

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25
Q

what is A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly called?

A

Sporadic

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26
Q

what is the following called?
The occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable. It is usually measured as the number of new cases of a disease occurring within a certain period of time.

A

Incidence

Number of new cases of disease during specified time interval.

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27
Q

what is the following called?
The total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time. It includes both new (incident) cases and existing cases.

A

Prevalence

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28
Q

what term is the following?
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that, based on epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with health-related condition(s) considered important to prevent.

A

Risk factor

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29
Q

what is a (trigger of a clinical event) called?

A

Precipitating factor

Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for coronary artery disease; emotional upset (catecholamines) is a precipitating factor for a myocardial infarction.

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30
Q

what is social determinant of health?

A

causal factor in the social environment that affects health outcomes (e.g., income, education, occupation, class, social support).

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31
Q

what is physical environmental determinant of health?

A

causal factor in the natural and built environment that affects health outcomes (e.g., air and water quality, lead exposure, the design of neighborhoods).

32
Q

what is healthcare determinant of health?

A

causal factor in health care that affects health outcomes (e.g., access, quantity, and quality of health care services).

33
Q

what is genetic determinant of health?

A

causal factor from the genetic composition of individuals or populations that affects health outcomes.

34
Q

what is behavioral determinant of health?

A

causal factor based on individual personal choices of lifestyle or habits (either spontaneously or in response to incentives), such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse.

35
Q

what is biological determinant of health?

A

Often, a biological mediator variable between a determinant and an outcome, such as the role of endocrine and immunologic processes in stress.

36
Q

what are some etiological factors?

A

Types of Etiological Factors:
Infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Genetic factors: mutations or genetic predispositions.
Environmental factors: pollution or radiation.
Lifestyle factors: diet, exercise, or substance abuse.
Iatrogenic causes: resulting from medical interventions.
Idiopathic: in some cases, the etiology remains unknown.

37
Q

what step of the pathogenesis process is this?
This is the first stage, where the initial cause of the disease occurs. It could be due to various factors such as infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi), genetic mutations, environmental factors (toxins, chemicals, radiation), or a combination of these.

A

Initiation

38
Q

what step of the pathogenesis process is this?
The disease process may progress if the initial cause is not removed or if the body’s defenses are inadequate. During this phase, the damage can become more extensive, and symptoms may start to appear.

A

Progression

39
Q

what step of the pathogenesis process is this?
This stage is when the signs and symptoms of the disease become apparent. Clinical manifestations arise as a result of the pathological processes occurring within the body and may be influenced by the body’s compensatory mechanisms.

A

clinical manifestation

40
Q

what step of the pathogenesis process is this?
Depending on the nature of the disease and the effectiveness of the body’s responses, the disease may either resolve, leading to recovery, or become a chronic condition that the body manages to some extent, sometimes leading to a state of compromised health.

A

resolution/chronicity/outcome

41
Q

what are the stages of the pathogenesis of a disease?

A

Initiation: This is the first stage, where the initial cause of the disease occurs. It could be due to various factors such as infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi), genetic mutations, environmental factors (toxins, chemicals, radiation), or a combination of these.

Inflammation: In response to the initial stimulus, the body’s immune system may cause inflammation. This is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process.

Cellular Alteration: Injury or stress on cells can lead to changes in their function, structure, or both. This may include cellular death (necrosis), changes in gene expression, or cellular adaptations like hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, or metaplasia.

Progression: The disease process may progress if the initial cause is not removed or if the body’s defenses are inadequate. During this phase, the damage can become more extensive, and symptoms may start to appear.

Chronic Inflammation: If the agent causing the disease persists, inflammation can become chronic. During chronic inflammation, cells of the immune system may cause further damage to tissues and organs, sometimes leading to tissue scarring (fibrosis).

Compensatory Mechanisms: The body may attempt to compensate for the dysfunction caused by the disease. For example, in heart failure, the heart may enlarge (hypertrophy) to pump more blood, or the kidneys may retain more water and salt to increase blood volume.

Clinical Manifestation: This stage is when the signs and symptoms of the disease become apparent. Clinical manifestations arise as a result of the pathological processes occurring within the body and may be influenced by the body’s compensatory mechanisms.

Resolution or Chronicity: Depending on the nature of the disease and the effectiveness of the body’s responses, the disease may either resolve, leading to recovery, or become a chronic condition that the body manages to some extent, sometimes leading to a state of compromised health.

Complications: As the disease progresses, complications may arise that can cause additional health issues. These may result from the disease itself or the body’s response to the disease.

Termination: The disease process may eventually come to an end. This could be due to successful treatment, spontaneous recovery, or it could end with the death of the organism if the disease is severe enough and unable to be controlled.

42
Q

what stage of disease course is this?
This is the period between exposure to an infectious agent or pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms. During this time, the pathogen is replicating, but not yet causing noticeable symptoms.

A

Incubation period

43
Q

what stage of the disease process is this?
This phase is characterized by the onset of non-specific symptoms. It’s the period where a patient starts to feel unwell but the specific disease symptoms have not yet fully developed.

A

Prodromal period

44
Q

what stage of the disease process it this?
In this stage, the disease reaches its full intensity, and symptoms are typically at their most severe. Specific signs and symptoms of the disease are present and can be used to diagnose the condition.

A

Acute phase

45
Q

what stage of the disease process is this?
The disease is at its highest level of development or activity. After this stage, the symptoms may continue for a period but typically no longer intensify.

A

Peak stage

46
Q

what stage of the disease process is this?
The symptoms start to diminish in severity. This decline may be gradual or rapid, depending on the disease and treatment, and is often due to the effective immune response of the host, medical intervention, or the natural course of the disease.

A

Decline phase

47
Q

what stage of the disease process is this?
During this period, the patient recovers, and symptoms resolve. There might be a gradual return to health as the body repairs the damage and overcomes the disease, although some diseases might leave permanent damage that the body cannot fully repair.

A

Convalescence period

48
Q

what stage of the disease process is this?
These are medical conditions that are the direct result of a previous illness. Not all diseases have sequelae, but some, particularly those that are severe or not promptly treated, can lead to permanent damage and chronic health issues.

A

Sequelae

49
Q

as it relates to the course of a disease, what is meant by self limiting?

A

The disease process resolves spontaneously without specific medical treatment.

50
Q

as it relates to the course of a disease, what is meant by chronic?

A

The disease may have periods of exacerbation and remission, but it is ongoing and may progress over time.

51
Q

as it relates to the course of a disease, what is meant by progressive?

A

The disease worsens over time, often leading to further health decline or secondary diseases.

52
Q

as it relates to the course of a disease, what is meant by fulminant?

A

The disease progresses rapidly and is severe, often leading to significant morbidity or mortality if not treated immediately.

53
Q

as it relates to the course of a disease, what is meant by recurrent or relapsing?

A

The disease may resolve temporarily but then reoccur either spontaneously or due to triggering factors.

54
Q

what is the prepathogenesis phase of disease history?

A

This is the stage before the disease process begins. It includes factors that may contribute to the risk of developing the disease, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. During this phase, there are no symptoms because the disease has not yet started.

55
Q

what is the pathogenesis phase of disease history?

A

This phase refers to the biological processes within the body that lead to the development of a disease after the initial triggering event. It includes the subclinical phase where the disease is active but not yet manifesting symptoms detectable by the patient or clinician. Pathogenesis encompasses all the mechanisms that contribute to the progression from exposure to a causal agent to the development of clinical symptoms.

56
Q

what is the clinical disease phase of disease history?

A

In this phase, the signs and symptoms of the disease are apparent, and the disease can be diagnosed. This is when the disease has manifested clinically, and medical intervention is typically sought. The clinical course of the disease may vary, leading to acute, chronic, or sometimes latent conditions.

57
Q

what is the post disease phase of disease history?

A

This stage occurs after the clinical course of the disease. It may involve recovery, disability, or death. If recovery occurs, there may be a period of convalescence and rehabilitation. In some cases, the disease can lead to chronic health problems or permanent damage, known as sequelae. If the disease results in death, the post disease phase also includes the study of pathological findings to understand the causes and effects of the disease process (as in an autopsy).

58
Q

what is is a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptoms?

A

exacerbation

59
Q

what is an abatement or decline in severity of the signs and symptoms of a disease?

A

remission

60
Q

If a remission is permanent (sometimes defined as > 5 years), the person is said to be what?

A

cured

61
Q

what type of disease follow a course of alternating exacerbations and remissions?

A

autoimmune disease

62
Q

what is meant by signs of a disease?

A

Manifestations of disease that are objective (observed and measured). Objective data that may be gathered by clinical examination or by biochemical analysis, diagnostic imaging, and other laboratory tests.

63
Q

what is meant by symptoms of a disease?

A

Subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body. Can only be reported by the affected individual to an observer.
Example: nausea is a symptom; vomiting is objectively observed and is a sign.

64
Q

what is meant by a syndrome?

A

Constellation of signs and symptoms that characterizes several diseases with different etiologies.
Example: Cushing syndrome may be caused by medications, pituitary tumors or adrenal tumors.

65
Q

what is a differential diagnosis?

A

Systematic process used to identify the proper diagnosis from a set of possible competing diagnoses.

66
Q

what Involves identifying or determining the etiology of a disease or condition through evaluation of patient history, physical examination, and review of laboratory data or diagnostic imaging; and the subsequent descriptive title (name) of that finding?

A

Differential diagnosis

67
Q

as it relates to coming up with your differential diagnoses what does the mnemonic VINDICATE represent?

A

Vascular (eg. stroke)

Inflammatory or infectious (eg. meningitis)

Neoplastic (eg. tumor)

Degenerative or deficiency (eg. Parkinson’s)

Intoxication or iatrogenic (eg. sedatives)

Congenital (eg. epilepsy)

Autoimmune or allergic (eg. lupus)

Trauma (eg. traumatic brain injury)

Endocrine or metabolic (eg. thyroid disorder)

68
Q

Hypotension in a person with septic shock is due to excessive vasodilation, what might be helpful in this case?

A

This implies that fluid administration and vasopressors would likely be helpful.

69
Q

In patients with cardiogenic shock there is fluid overload (fluid backup and retention from kidneys from decreased perfusion), what might be helpful to do in this case?

A

so the hypotension is unlikely to improve with fluid administration (will worsen). Improving cardiac function and diuretics are indicated.

70
Q

what is disease prevention?

A

This involves programs designed to identify risks for disease and screen populations to catch diseases early when they’re most treatable. This can include vaccinations, cancer screenings, and educational campaigns about risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, etc.

71
Q

These are interventions that focus on changing behaviors that can lead to illness, such as smoking cessation programs, diet and exercise education, and stress reduction techniques. These modifications are often the first line of defense against chronic diseases. What is this?

A

lifestyle modification

72
Q

These include the use of drugs and other chemical substances to prevent or treat diseases. Prophylactic measures might involve vaccinations or pre-exposure prophylaxis for infections, and hormonal or nutritional supplements can be used to correct deficiencies or imbalances. what is this?

A

Pharmacological intervention

73
Q

Regular check-ups and management strategies help to keep track of a patient’s health status over time, allowing for early detection of potential problems and adjustments in treatment plans as needed. What is this?

A

monitoring and follow up

74
Q

Development of vaccines and public awareness campaigns are essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Vaccinations are a cornerstone of public health. What is this?

A

Immunizations

75
Q

Addressing mental health is crucial and can include stress management programs, counseling services, and other forms of support to help individuals cope with mental health issues. What is this?

A

mental health

76
Q

These are targeted interventions aimed at addressing the differences in health outcomes among different groups, often driven by social, economic, and environmental disadvantages. Strategies may involve culturally sensitive approaches to healthcare delivery. What is this?

A

Health disparities

77
Q

The creation of laws, regulations, and resource allocation decisions by governments and institutions can have significant impacts on the health of the population. These policies can address a wide range of issues, from healthcare access to environmental health hazards. What is this?

A

Public policy

Pathophysiology 1 (7 decks)

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