Eyes Flashcards
which eye conditions come with red eyes?
conjunctivitis (pink eye), episcleritis, scleritis, uveitis, and keratitis
what is the mechanism behind red eyes?
Hyperemia: Increased blood flow in the conjunctival, ciliary, or episcleral vessels, which can make the vessels more visible and give the eye a red appearance.
Erythema: Redness of the eyelids due to inflammation or infection.
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage: A break in a small blood vessel causing blood to collect under the conjunctiva, leading to a bright red patch on the sclera.
what are some differential diagnoses for red eyes?
conjunctivitis, corneal disorders, [closed-angle] acute glaucoma, and acute uveitis.
what are some things that can cause ocular pain?
Can be caused by
trauma to the eye, which could involve a direct injury.
Infections, such as conjunctivitis or keratitis, can cause pain due to inflammation and irritation of the eye tissues.
Inflammation of the eye’s internal structures, such as uveitis, can lead to discomfort.
Increased intraocular pressure (IOP), as seen in conditions like glaucoma, can also result in ocular pain.
What causes foreign body sensation?
This sensation often results from the presence of actual foreign bodies in the cornea or conjunctiva, such as dust or eyelashes.
Any disturbance to the corneal epithelium, such as abrasions or erosions, can create a feeling as if something is in the eye.
Trichiasis, a condition where eyelashes grow inward and rub against the cornea, can also give a foreign body sensation.
what are some conditions that cause photophobia (light sensitivity)?
Often caused by corneal inflammation (keratitis) or inflammation of the iris (anterior uveitis or iritis), which makes the eye sensitive to light.
Other systemic conditions like albinism (lack of pigment in the eyes) and aniridia (absence of the iris) can contribute to light sensitivity.
Systemic infections that induce fever can also cause photophobia.
What is itchy eyes normally associated with?
Typically associated with allergic reactions in the eye, such as allergic conjunctivitis.
what is scratching and burning eyes normally associated with?
These symptoms are commonly due to dryness of the eye, which can result from reduced tear production (lacrimal gland hypofunction). This can be a primary condition or secondary to systemic disorders like Sjögren’s syndrome.
Certain medications, including atropine-like drugs, can reduce tear production, leading to dryness.
Ocular surface diseases or simply being in a dry environment can also cause these sensations.
what typically causes watery eyes?
Can occur when there is an obstruction in the tear drainage system, preventing tears from draining properly, which causes them to overflow onto the cheeks.
Malposition of the lower eyelid, such as ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), can lead to inadequate tear drainage.
Reflex tearing can happen as a protective response to any irritation or disturbance of the corneal epithelium, even if the eye is generally dry.
what is conjunctivitis and what are the common forms of it?
Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Conjunctivitis can be due to:
Bacterial infection: Often marked by yellow-green discharge, can be contagious, and typically treated with antibiotic eye drops.
Viral infection: Often associated with a cold or respiratory tract infection and is highly contagious.
Fungal infection: Less common and can occur after an eye injury involving plant material.
Allergic (non-infectious): Triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander; characterized by itching, redness, and tearing, often seasonal.
what is hordeolum and where is it located?
Hordeolum (Stye): An infection of the oil glands (meibomian gland) in the eyelid, leading to a painful lump on the edge or inside of the eyelid.
what is dacryoadenitis?
Dacryoadenitis: Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which can cause swelling and pain in the upper outer region of the eye.
what is dacryocystitis?
Dacryocystitis: Infection of the lacrimal sac, leading to pain, redness, and swelling in the inner corner of the eye.
what is A serious infection that affects the tissues around the eye, leading to painful swelling of the upper and lower eyelid, and possibly the eyebrow and cheek. It can cause the eye to protrude or bulge out and may lead to vision problems if not treated promptly?
orbital cellulitis
what is Also known as preseptal cellulitis, this is an infection of the eyelid or skin around the eye. Unlike orbital cellulitis, it does not affect the eye itself?
periorbital cellulitis
what is A chronic infectious disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, leading to a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. This can cause pain in the eyes and can lead to blindness if untreated?
Trachoma
what are some eye conditions caused by infection?
Conjunctivitis (bacterial, viral, fungal; there is also allergic [non-infectious or irritative conjunctivitis]).
Hordeolum: infection of eyelid margin (follicles, or meibomian glands).
Dacryoadenitis (infection of lachrymal gland) & dacryocystitis (infection of lachrymal sac).
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis
Trachoma
HIV-related (due to weakened immune system)
what is the most infectious form of conjunctivitis?
viral conjunctivitis
what virus is viral conjunctivitis caused by?
adenovirus
what are the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?
Symptoms can include redness, a watery discharge, and a feeling of grittiness or irritation in the eye. It can be highly contagious and is known for its rapid spread, especially in communal environments.
what are some other viruses that causes viral conjunctivitis?
Other viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), and Molluscum Contagiosum can also cause viral conjunctivitis.
what are the main symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Caused by bacterial infections, the primary symptom is a sticky, yellow or greenish-yellow eye discharge that may cause the eyelids to stick together, especially after sleep.
which bacteria commonly causes bacterial conjunctivitis?
Common causative bacteria include Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis can cause more severe, hyperacute forms of conjunctivitis.
what eye condition is Triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, this type of conjunctivitis is characterized by intense itching, tearing, and often a mucoid discharge. It is usually bilateral and can be associated with other signs of allergy like sneezing and an itchy nose?
allergic conjunctivitis
what type of conjunctivitis is less common and can be caused by a few specific types of viruses like enteroviruses. It is characterized by sudden onset of severe pain and bleeding underneath the conjunctiva leading to a red eye?
Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
what type of conjunctivitis Occurs in newborns and can be caused by various agents, including bacteria acquired during passage through the birth canal. It can lead to serious eye damage if not treated promptly and appropriately?
neonatal conjunctivitis
what type of conjunctivitis is Often associated with long-term contact lens wear, it is believed to be a hypersensitivity response involving large papillae forming on the inner surface of the eyelids?
Giant papillary Conjunctivitis
What type of acute conjunctivitis is often associated with systemic symptoms such as fever and upper respiratory tract infection?
Viral conjunctivitis may be associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, adenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes), and upper respiratory tract infection as part of a viral prodrome.
Which form of acute conjunctivitis typically presents with purulent discharge that recurs at the lid margins and corners of the eye?
Bacterial conjunctivitis typically presents with purulent discharge, which may be yellow, white, or green, and tends to recur at the lid margins and corners of the eye shortly after wiping.
In the case of allergic conjunctivitis, what are some of the other symptoms that accompany the ocular symptoms?
Allergic conjunctivitis is often accompanied by nasal symptoms such as congestion, sneezing, and wheezing.
Which type of conjunctivitis is characterized by a watery discharge with strands of mucus?
Viral conjunctivitis is characterized by a watery discharge that may contain strands of mucus.
What symptom is primarily reported by patients with allergic conjunctivitis?
The primary complaint in allergic conjunctivitis is itching, which can be quite intense.
If a patient presents with pink or red conjunctiva and no itching, what type of acute conjunctivitis might they have?
The patient might have bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, as itching is typically limited to none in these types, unlike in allergic conjunctivitis where itching is a primary symptom.
what causes anterior blepharitis?
bacterial infection (staphylococcal blepharitis) or dandruff of the scalp and eyebrows (seborrheic blepharitis).
Occurs at the outside front edge of the eyelid where the eyelashes are attached.
Can be caused by bacterial infection (staphylococcal blepharitis) or dandruff of the scalp and eyebrows (seborrheic blepharitis). These conditions can also occur together and are not mutually exclusive.
Staphylococcal blepharitis is usually marked by red, swollen eyelids, and it may result in eyelash loss or dandruff-like scales around the base of the eyelashes.
Seborrheic blepharitis is less severe in terms of eyelid inflammation but causes greasy flakes or scales around the base of the eyelashes.
which form of blepharitis affect the meibomian gland? anterior or posterior
Posterior Blepharitis: Affects the inner edge of the eyelid that comes in contact with the eyeball.
It is caused by problems with the oil (Meibomian) glands in this part of the eyelid, which can become clogged.
Posterior blepharitis can lead to a more significant and chronic inflammation, impacting the eye surface and causing discomfort.
what is blepharitis?
Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids that often affects the part of the eyelid where the eyelashes grow. It usually involves the part of the eyelid where the eyelashes grow and typically occurs when tiny oil glands located near the base of the eyelashes become clogged, leading to irritated and red eyes. Common symptoms include eyelid irritation, redness, a gritty sensation in the eye, and dandruff-like scales on the eyelashes.
what is hordeolum?
A hordeolum, commonly known as a stye, is an acute, localized infection or inflammation of the eyelid margin. It is typically caused by a bacterial infection.
which bacteria typically causes hordeolum?
Staphylococcus species
Is this internal or external hordeolum?
an infection of the meibomian glands, which are located within the eyelids and produce a lipid-rich secretion that contributes to the tear film. An internal hordeolum may be less visible on external examination but can cause a swollen eyelid and pain.
internal
Is this internal or external hordeolum?
This is an infection of the glands of Zeis or the glands of Moll. These glands are associated with eyelash follicles and are responsible for the secretion of substances that help lubricate the eyelash. An external hordeolum presents as a painful, red, swollen nodule at the eyelid margin.
external
which hordeolum affects the Zeis and Moll gland?
external
how are hordeolum formed?
first secretion from eyelid oil glands (zeis and meibomian) thickens (inspissation) and then becomes stagnant (stasis) creating environment for bacteria (mainly staphylococcus aureus) leading to secondary infection. The body’s immune system responds by sending polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the site which together with death of some of the infected tissue (necrosis) form an abscess creating the painful, red, warm. swollen lump on eyelid.
They can cause blurry vision due to putting pressure on the cornea temporarily changing its shape. They can rupture on their own or with treatment.
how does hordeolum cause blurry vision?
They can cause blurry vision due to putting pressure on the cornea temporarily changing its shape. They can rupture on their own or with treatment.
what is the most common inflammatory lesion of the eyelid?
chalazion
what is chalazion?
Slowly enlarging eyelid nodules, formed by inflammation and obstruction of sebaceous glands either meibomian or zeis and moll.
which eyelid gland is deeper, meibomian or zeis and moll?
meibomian
what triggers the granulomatous inflammatory response?
when lipid breakdown products, possibly from bacterial enzymes or the glands’ retained secretions, leak into the surrounding tissue.
what conditions trigger chalazion when they affect eyelid oil glands?
These include seborrheic dermatitis, acne rosacea, chronic blepharitis, high blood lipid levels, immunodeficiency states, viral infections, and possibly stress and carcinoma, although the causality and mechanisms for these are not fully understood or proven.
what form on eyelid as a result of gland obstruction and sterile inflammation rather than infection?
chalazia
hordeolum forms from infection and can develop into painless chalazia
what eye condition is a mass of granulation tissue and chronic inflammation (with lymphocytes and lipid-laden macrophages)?
chalazia
what eye condition is an acute pyogenic inflammation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and necrosis with pustule formation?
Hordeolum
what tend to be larger, less painful and have a less acute presentation than hordeola?
chalazia
which eye condition involves Infection of dermis and subcutaneous periorbital tissues (aka, pre-septal cellulitis).
Microorganisms enter through local breaks of skin after abrasions, burns, insect bites (most common Staph. aureus or Strep. pyogenes)?
Periorbital cellulitis
what organism spreads hematogenously from sites of infection like sinusitis or otitis media in periorbital cellulitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
what other infections can organisms spread from to periorbital cellulitis?
dacryoadenitis (inflammation of the lacrimal gland), dacryocystitis (inflammation of the lacrimal sac), hordeolum (stye), acute chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), or conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva).
what are some clinical presentations of periorbital cellulitis?
Patients with periorbital cellulitis often present with tenderness, induration (hardening of the tissue), warmth, and swelling of the eyelid and surrounding periorbital area.
what can periorbital cellulitis develop into if it moves beyond the orbital septum?
If the infection spreads posteriorly beyond the orbital septum, it can lead to orbital cellulitis, a more serious condition that can affect vision and eye movements.
what is orbital cellulitis?
Pathogenesis: Orbital cellulitis occurs when pathogens (usually bacteria) breach the orbital septum, which is a membrane that separates the anterior aspect of the eyelid from the posterior aspect containing the eyeball and its associated muscles and nerves.
what typically presents with the disruption of the cornea’s outer layer, the epithelium, and often involves the deeper layer, the stroma. This condition is associated with inflammation, which can be due to infectious or noninfectious causes?
corneal ulcer
