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2025 SEM 2 CLINICAL PARASITOLGY (LEC) > introduction to parasitology > Flashcards

introduction to parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

The documentation of parasite existence by the ancient Persians, Egyptians, and Greeks dates back to prehistoric times.

A

Ebers papyrus
- ancient egyptian medical text found in Thebes during 1500 BC
- includes description of aliments caused by parasites

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2
Q

Collected works of Hippocrates

A

Corpus Hippocratorum
- in greek dates 800 to 300 BC
- Contains observations and descriptions of diseases that suggest presence of parasitic infections
- Making it as an early scientific effort in the clinical documentation for health medicine

[describe infections caused by parasites]

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3
Q

Father of Modern Parasitology (1626)

A

Francisco Redi
- Published the earliest book devoted to parasitology in 1684, describing reproductive organs and eggs
- demo that maggots developed from eggs of flies
- determined that ascaris have males and females

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4
Q

Father of Microscopy

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  • used simple microscope
  • describes various kind of ‘animalcule’
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5
Q

Discovered Cercariae in 1773 but thought they were protozoa

A

Otto Friedrich Muller (1773)

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6
Q

Recognized 5 classes of worms

A

Zeder

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7
Q

Collected and classified all parasites known up to this time

A

Rudolphi

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8
Q

Discovered Trichinella in human flesh (1878)

A

Peacock

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9
Q

Father of American Parasitology in 1846

A

Joseph Leidig
- discovered Trichinella in pigs

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10
Q

Discovered human hookworms in 1842

A

Dubini

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11
Q

Discovered Trypanosoma in frog’s blood in 1842

A

Gulge and Gruby

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12
Q

Found the first human amoeba, Entamoeba gingivalis (non-pathogenic amoeba) in 1849

A

Gros

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13
Q

Balantidium coli was recognized as the first
protozoan parasite of human in 1856

A

Malstem

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14
Q

Identified Entamoeba histolytica in 1875

A

Losch

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15
Q

Discovered trypanosomes and their
transmission by Tsetse flies

A

Bruce

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16
Q

Science of classifying and naming organisms

A

Taxonomy
- Important in studying living organisms for it to be organized and efficient

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17
Q

3 distinct discipline of taxonomy

A

classification
- grouping organism based on their similar traits
nomenclature
- naming system (Genus + species)
- Italicized in print, underlined when handwritten
identification

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18
Q

Organization of microorganism that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa (same characteristic, structure, and function)

A

classification
- these are the similarities that we can find in the parasite

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19
Q

Process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated, which can be compared with other characterized microorganisms: (determines unique feature)

A

identification

morphology
habitat
characteristics
reproduction
genetic characteristics
phenotype

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20
Q

Naming of organism according to established rules and guidelines for universal recognition, with a standardized binomial system

A

nomenclature

Don’t forget to use the suffix –iasis (to denote diseases and conditions of the parasite)

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21
Q

Area of science which deals with the study of organism that lives within the body of another organism for survival

A

parasitology
- Deals with organism’s dependance

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22
Q

Parasitology is the study of parasites and is traditionally
limited to___, ___, and ___

A

parasitic protozoa, helminths, and
arthropods

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23
Q

Concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

A

medical parasitology

helps understand:
✅ Which parasites affect humans
✅ How these parasites spread (epidemiology)
✅ Ways to control and treat infections

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24
Q

parasitology vs medical parasitology

A

Parasitology = Study of all parasites
Medical Parasitology = Study of parasites that infect humans and their impact on health

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25
Estimated prevalence in the world: ■ Ascaris: ■ Hookworms: ■ Whipworms:
■ Ascaris: 1.5 billion ■ Hookworms: 1.3 billion ■ Whipworms: 1 billion
26
An organism that derives its nourishment and needs from a host
parasite - cause infections to humans
27
One not benefits but the one that are harmed or the provider
host - supports the parasite
28
Invasion made by endoparasites infestation (internal parasites) Made by ectoparasites (external parasites - attach and penetrate the of its host but will always be outside the host)
infection - ex: plasmodium invasion - ex; lice, ticks
29
Morphologic form that invades humans Morphologic form that invades humans
infective stage - very transmissible using diff kinds of MOT
30
Forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods
diagnostic stage (thru lab tests)
31
An individual harboring the parasite but do not show any signs and symptoms
carrier/ asymptomatic individual - parasites lives in or on the tissue of its host without causing evident harm - can still transmit infection
32
Period between infection and evidence of symptom
incubation period - disease is developing, however signs and symptoms are not yet visible
33
There is a sudden rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity occurs in a disease in human population (within a specific area)
epidemic
34
There is a steady moderate level of disease in human population, Does not rise or fall drastically. Remains constant and consistently present in the area
endemic - ex: malaria
35
Communicable disease has been disseminated over an extensive area of the world
pandemic
36
The process of inoculating an infective agent
exposure (ex: inhalation, ingestion, insect bites)
37
an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
autoinfection - doest require the pathogen from external source - Happens when the infected stage of the parasite completes its life cycle inside the host
38
An already affected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite
superinfection/ hyperinfection
39
Cannot survive outside of a host and Dependent on its host to survive
obligatory
40
Capable of existing independently of a host
facultative [organism that can live on its own without a host but can also survive as a parasite if needed.]
41
Established inside of a host’s body Established in or on the exterior surface of a host
endoparasite ectoparasite
42
When a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives
accidental [e infects a host it doesn't usually target. Even though this host is unnatural for the parasite, the parasite might still survive there]
43
A parasite that wanders into an organ in which it is not usually found; enters wrong organ/tissue
erratic
44
Those found within the host from early life to maturity and Doesn’t leave the host
permanent
45
Type of parasite wherein the larval stage develops in a host while the adult is free living
transitory [Larval stage develops inside a host, but the adult lives outside the host (free-living). Example: A parasite that starts in a host as a larva but grows into an adult that lives in the environment.]
46
Type of parasite wherein the larval stage develops in a host different from that of adult Larval and adult stage develop in different types of host
periodic [The larval stage develops in a host that is different from the host where the adult lives. Example: A parasite that spends its larval stage in one animal and then moves to a different animal to become an adult.]
47
Those that simply visit the host during feeding time
intermittent (eg mosquito) [only visits the host occasionally, usually just to feed. It doesn't live in or stay on the host for long periods.]
48
Those unable to cause any disease
non-pathogenic/ commensal
49
Those that can cause diseases; those that can inflict injury to the host
pathogenic
50
Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
spurious [Example: A harmless organism like a worm that might be accidentally swallowed but is then passed out without causing any disease.]
51
A host that harbors the parasite in its adult stage or where that parasite undergoes a sexual method of reproduction
definitive stage - aka primary host
52
Harbors the larval stage of the parasite or an asexual cycle of development takes place.
intermediate - aka secondary host
53
Host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for an obligatory host, usually a definitive host
paratenic host - not necessary for completing the parasite's life cycle
54
Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans may become infected
reservoir - allows life cycle to continue - do not get the disease carried by the disease/ parasite
55
Transmit the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host.
biological vector [transmit parasite after development IN THEIR VECTOR]
56
Only transports the parasite without development of disease
mechanical vector
57
association of two different organisms
symbiosis
58
Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to both
mutualism
59
the association between two different organisms in which one benefits and has a neutral effect on the other (is not harmed)
commensalism
60
Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense
parasitism
61
PARASITIC LIFE CYCLE
MOT INFECTIVE STGE - invade human causing infection DIAGNOSTIC STAGE - detected thru lab methods ------------------------------------------ parasites come in contact w human host (thru contaminated water, food, skin penetration, contact w intermediate host) enter and now establish the human body > multiply and compete human for nutrients (symptoms will start) > parasite exits thru disposal of waste > now called diagnostic stage >come in contact eith the soil or water > repeat
62
true or false: Parasites are dependent on humans and the environment to complete their life cycle
true
63
➔ Parasites are dependent on humans body ➔ Route a parasite follows independent of a human body
◆ Gives information about symptomatology and pathology ◆ Provides epidemiology, prevention, and control (not directly relying on the human body for everything)
64
true or false: Parasites can be transferred to other people due to improper area for disposal of our waste
true - This can stop by breaking the chain of infection
65
2 types of parasitic life
direct ● For parasites that spend their entire lives within host, one generation after the other ● Eggs of parasite directly pass into the environment ● No intermediate host (e.g., pinworms, seatworm) indirect ● For parasites that are exposed to the external environment, being taken up by another type of host before the final/definitive host ● Requires intermediate host to continue life cycle (e.g., Paragonimiasis , lung fluke)
66
Most common mode of transmission
ingestion - involves "food-borne" pathogen
67
Thru saliva, contaminated objects, or closed oral contact
oral contact
68
Transfer of parasite from mother to fetus in pregnancy
transplacental ● Causes congenital defects in newborns
69
Parasites transmitted thru sexual contact
sexual
70
When exposed to contaminated environments
skin penetration
71
Thru infected blood or organ transplant
blood transfusion
72
infection due to oneself
autoinfection
73
sources of infection
man - anthroponoses (diseases transmitted from human to human (other direct or indirect)) animals - zoonoses/ zoonotic (originated in animals that are then transferred to humans) raw meat - Infections by consuming raw and undercooked meat contaminated food/ water - Caused by ingestion of contaminated food and water - related to poor hygiene, lack of sanitation, sewage contamination vectors - spread by insects
74
prevention and control
1. Health Promotion Strategies - Educating the communities 2. Development and implementation of parasite awareness education programs - Schools and health organizations teach proper hygiene and parasite prevention 3. Taking community action and involvement - Clean up drive cleaning breeding sites 4. Use of protective clothing - Cheapest strategies we can do to avoid parasites 5. Good personal hygiene - Washing hands, cutting nails, clean living condition 6. Proper sanitation practices - Proper area for waste disposal, prevent continuation of the life cycle of parasites 7. Proper handling and cooking of food - Food is cooked and stored properly 8. Treatment of cases/deworming - Remove parasite inside the body 9. Environmental manipulation - Modifying our surroundings to reduce parasite breeding grounds 10. Use of insecticides and other chemicals - Control parasite vectors
75
Parasites introduce pressure to host hat harms the tissues causing blockage of cells
mechanical damage/ injury
76
Kills parasite by releasing eosinophil (fight parasitic infection)
inflammatory reaction - Foreign bodies result in fever and tissue damage
77
Parasites that creates masses of cyst inside the organ → tissue compression
space-occupying lesion - found in zoonotic infection
78
Some parasites release enzyme that break down tissues then leads to necrosis
enzyme production and lytic necrosis
79
can harm the host
toxins
80
Some parasites are linked to chronic infections that trigger abnormal cell growth and then leads to cancer
neoplasia - cancer development
81
Parasites has mechanism that stimulate immune system that then results in hypersensitivity reaction
allergic reaction
82
Our immune system become weak that allows parasites to invade our body
secondary bacterial infection
83
common symptoms
diarrhea fever abdominal pain anemia (usually happens when there are so much parasite in the body) vitamin deficiency skin lesions (intensive tissue damage due to immune systems problems) bowel obstruction (too much worms in the intestine can cause bowel obstruction)

2025 SEM 2 CLINICAL PARASITOLGY (LEC) (6 decks)

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