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Clinical Parasitology > Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

____ deals with the study of organisms living permanently in or temporarily on or within another organism.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

____ is a branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic infections.

A

Parasitology

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3
Q

____ is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.

A

Parasitology

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4
Q

____ is concerned with the phenomena of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

Parasitology

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5
Q

Divisions of Parasitology

A
  • Protozoology
  • Helminthology
  • Medical Entomology
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6
Q

Divisions of Parasitology

Deals with the small, unicellular organisms which contain nucleus and functional organelles.

A

Protozoology

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7
Q

____ are small, unicellular organisms which contain nucleus and functional organelles.

A

Protozoans

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8
Q

Divisions of Parasitology

Deals with larger, multicellular organisms that are normally visible to the naked eye in their adult form.

A

Helminthology

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9
Q

____ are larger, multicellular organisms that are noramlly visible to the naked eye in their adult form.

A

Worms

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10
Q

Divisions of Parasitology

Deals with insects and arthropods

A

Medical Entomology

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11
Q

____ is concerned primarily with the parasite that affects humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.

A

Medical Parasitology

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12
Q

____ is a branch of medicine, which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.

A

Tropical Medicine

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13
Q

____ is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in tropical are but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic portions in areas that are not tropical.

A

Tropical Disease

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14
Q

____ lives on or in the host usually on a larger organism.

A

Parasite

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15
Q

____ harbors parasite and gives nourishment.

A

Host

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16
Q

Host Parasite Relationship

A
  • Symbiosis
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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17
Q

Host Parasite Relationship

Living together of unlike organisms, protection, or other advantages to one or both partners.

A

Symbiosis

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18
Q

Host Parasite Relationship

Relationship is beneficial to both organisms

A

Mutualism

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19
Q

Host Parasite Relationship

Parasite derives benefit without reciprocating and without injury to the host or both.

A

Commensalism

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20
Q

Host Parasite Relationship

Relationship where the parasite, lives in or another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.

A

Parasitism

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21
Q

Parasites According to the Mode of Living

A
  • Ectoparasites
  • Endoparasites
  • Facultative parasites
  • Obligate parasites
  • Accidental/Incidental parasite
  • Occasional/Periodic
  • Saprophytes
  • Erratic
  • Zoonotic
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22
Q

____ are parasites living outside the body of the host.

A

Ectoparasites

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23
Q

____ cause infestation.

A

Ectoparasites

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24
Q

____ are parasites living inside the body of the host.

A

Endoparasites

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25
Q

____ cause infection.

A

Endoparasites

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26
Q

____ are able to live outside or inside the host and lead to both free and parasitic existence.

A

Facultative Parasites

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27
Q

____ are completely dependent to the host for its existence throughout its life.

A

Obligate Parasites

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28
Q

____ are parasites that establish itself in the host in which it does not ordinarily live.

A

Accidental/Incidental Parasite

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29
Q

____ are parasites that seek its host intermittently to obtain nourishment.

A

Occasional/Periodic Parasites

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30
Q

____ are parasites that live in organic substances in state of decomposition.

A

Saprophytes

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31
Q

____ are parasites that live in an organ different from the one it usually parasitize.

A

Erratic Parasites

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32
Q

____ are animal parasites, non-human parasites that may cause human infections.

A

Zoonotic Parasites

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33
Q

Parasites According to Duration of Parasitism

A
  • Temporary
  • Permanent
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34
Q

____ are free living during part of its existence, larval stage has different host from its adult stage.

A

Temporary Parasites

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35
Q

____ remain on the body of the host in all stages of its life cycle.

A

Permanent Parasites

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36
Q

Parasites According to Pathologic Locations

A
  • Spurious/Coprozoic
  • Coprophilic
  • Hematozoic
  • Cytozoic
  • Coelozoic
  • Enterozoic
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37
Q

____ pass the digestive tract of humans without infecting them.

A

Spurious/Coprozoic Parasites

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38
Q

____ multiply in fecal matter outside the human body.

A

Coprophilic Parasites

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39
Q

____ live inside the red blood cells.

A

Hematozoic Parasites

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40
Q

____ live inside the cells or tissues.

A

Cytozoic Parasites

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41
Q

____ live in the body cavities.

A

Coelozoic Parasites

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42
Q

____ live in the intestine.

A

Enterozoic Parasites

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43
Q

Types of Host

A
  • Definitive (Final)
  • Intermediate
  • Reservoir
  • Paratenic
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44
Q

____ harbours the adult and sexually mature form.

A

Definitive (Final) Host

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45
Q

____ harbours the larvae or asexual stage of the parasite.

A

Intermediate Host

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46
Q

____ is usually an animal that harbours the same parasite of man.

A

Reservoir Host

47
Q

____ harbours a stage of the parasite where there is no further development in parasite takes place.

A

Paratenic Host

48
Q

Sources of Exposure to Infection

A
  • Pathogens
  • Carriers (asymptomatic)
  • Exposure
  • Infection
  • Incubation period
  • Pre-patent period
  • Autoinfection
  • Superinfection or Hyperinfection
  • Co-infection
49
Q

____ can be animal parasites that are harmful and frequently cause mechanical injury to their host.

A

Pathogens

50
Q

____ harbours a particular pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms.

A

Carrier (asymptomatic carrier)

51
Q

____ is the process of inoculating an infective agent.

A

Exposure

52
Q

____ is the establishment of the infective agent in the host.

A

Infection

53
Q

____ is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms.

A

Incubation period

54
Q

____ is also known as Biological incubation period.

A

Pre-patent period

55
Q

____ is a period between infection and acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.

A

Pre-patent period

56
Q

In ____, the infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

A

Autoinfection

57
Q

In ____, the already infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

A

Superinfection or Hyperinfection

58
Q

____ is the simultaneous infection of a host by two or more parasite.

A

Co-infection

59
Q

Parasites commonly seen in contaminated soil

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Hookworm
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
60
Q

Parasites commonly seen in contaminated water

A
  • Amoeba
  • Flagellates
  • Blood fluke
61
Q

____ is responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vector

62
Q

Types of Vectors

A
  • Biological
  • Mechanical
63
Q

Types of Vectors

The parasite is seen inside the body of the organism, and the parasite needs the organism for its development.

A

Biological vector

64
Q

Types of Vectors

Responsible only for transporting the parasite, the parasite is seen only on the surface of the organism and there will be no development on the parasite.

A

Mechanical vector

65
Q

The ____ is the most common area of invasion, entrance for intestinal protozoa.

A

Mouth

66
Q

The nomenclature of parasites are classified according to the ____.

A

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

67
Q

Types of Parasitic Life Cycle

A
  • Simple
  • Complicated
68
Q

As the life cycle becomes ____, the lesser chances are for the individual parasite to survive.

A

complicated

69
Q

As the life cycle becomes complicated, the ____ chances are for the individual parasite to survive.

A

lesser

70
Q

Life Stage of a Parasite

A
  1. Ova
  2. Egg
  3. Larva
  4. Trophozoite
  5. Cyst
  6. Adult
71
Q

Mode of Reproduction

A
  • Sexual
  • Asexual
72
Q

Types of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Oviparous
  • Ovoviviparous
  • Larviparous/Viviparous
73
Q

Sexual Reproduction

“Egg birth”

A

Oviparous

74
Q

Sexual Reproduction

Give birth to eggs that must develop before hatching

A

Oviparous

75
Q

Sexual Reproduction

Produce eggs but retain them inside the female body until hatching occurs, so that “live” offspring are born.

A

Ovoviviparous

76
Q

Sexual Reproduction

Being born alive without eggs

A

Larviparous or Viviparous

77
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Binary fission
  • Parthenogenesis
78
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Division in half

A

Binary fission

79
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Unfertilized ovum develops directly into a new individual.

A

Parthenogenesis

80
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by male sex cell.

A

Parthenogenesis

81
Q

Epidemiologic Measures

A
  • Epidemiology
  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Cumulative prevalence
  • Intensity of infection
82
Q

____ is a science concerned with the propagation of the disease, study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.

A

Epidemiology

83
Q

____ is the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.

A

Incidence

84
Q

____ is usually expressed in percentage, the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite at a certain time.

A

Prevalence

85
Q

____ is the percentage of individuals infected with at least one parasite.

A

Cumulative Prevalence

86
Q

____ is the number of worm per infected person (worm burden).

A

Intensity of Infection

87
Q

Types of Intensity of Infection

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
88
Q

Intensity of infection

Counting expelled worms during treatment

A

Direct

89
Q

Intensity of infection

Counting helminth egg excreted in feces, expressed in egg per gram.

A

Indirect

90
Q

Distribution of Diseases

A
  • Sporadic
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
91
Q

Distribution of Diseases

Appears only occasionally in one or at most a few members of the community.

A

Sporadic

92
Q

Distribution of Diseases

There is a steady moderate level of disease in human population.

A

Endemic

93
Q

Distribution of Diseases

There is a sudden outbreak or rise of incidence in human population.

A

Epidemic

94
Q

Distribution of Diseases

Disease have been disseminated in extensive area of the world

A

Pandemic

95
Q

Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections

When parasites invade the skin and other tissue causing destruction

A

Traumatic or Physical Damage

96
Q

Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections

Secretory and excretory products elaborated by many parasites allow them to metabolize nutrients obtained from the host and store these for energy production.

A

Lytic Necrosis

97
Q

Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections

Cellular proliferation, white cell infiltration at the side of the parasite

A

Tissue reactions

98
Q

Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections

When proteins or other metabolites of the parasites are introduced into the body, there is sensation to the foreign substance, which may produce hypersensitization to anaphylactic shock.

A

Toxic allergic phenomena

99
Q

Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections

The parasite competes with its host for the available supply of vitamins.

A

Deprivation of the host’s essential nutrients and substances

100
Q

____ is the use of anti-helminthic drugs in an individual or public health program.

A

Deworming

101
Q

____ is usually expressed in percentage, number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative in examination at a set time after deworming.

A

Cure rate

102
Q

____ is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming.

A

Egg reduction rate

103
Q

____ is an individual-level deworming with selection of treatment based on a diagnosis.

A

Selective treatment

104
Q

____ is a group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated may be defined irrespective of infection status.

A

Targeted treatment

105
Q

____ is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated.

A

Universal treatment

106
Q

____ is the proportion of target population reached by an intervention.

A

Coverage

107
Q

____ means the genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive.

A

Drug resistance

108
Q

____ is the effect of drug against an infective agent.

A

Efficacy

109
Q

____ is the measure of the effect of a drug against infecitve agent.

A

Effectiveness

110
Q

____ means the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection.

A

Eradication

111
Q

Once ____ is achieved, continued measures are no longer needed.

A

Disease eradication

112
Q

____ is the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease.

A

Disease elimination

113
Q

In ____, continued intervention and surveillance are still required.

A

Disease elimination

Clinical Parasitology (3 decks)

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