Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards
____ deals with the study of organisms living permanently in or temporarily on or within another organism.
Parasitology
____ is a branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic infections.
Parasitology
____ is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
Parasitology
____ is concerned with the phenomena of dependence of one living organism on another.
Parasitology
Divisions of Parasitology
- Protozoology
- Helminthology
- Medical Entomology
Divisions of Parasitology
Deals with the small, unicellular organisms which contain nucleus and functional organelles.
Protozoology
____ are small, unicellular organisms which contain nucleus and functional organelles.
Protozoans
Divisions of Parasitology
Deals with larger, multicellular organisms that are normally visible to the naked eye in their adult form.
Helminthology
____ are larger, multicellular organisms that are noramlly visible to the naked eye in their adult form.
Worms
Divisions of Parasitology
Deals with insects and arthropods
Medical Entomology
____ is concerned primarily with the parasite that affects humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
Medical Parasitology
____ is a branch of medicine, which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.
Tropical Medicine
____ is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in tropical are but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic portions in areas that are not tropical.
Tropical Disease
____ lives on or in the host usually on a larger organism.
Parasite
____ harbors parasite and gives nourishment.
Host
Host Parasite Relationship
- Symbiosis
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism
Host Parasite Relationship
Living together of unlike organisms, protection, or other advantages to one or both partners.
Symbiosis
Host Parasite Relationship
Relationship is beneficial to both organisms
Mutualism
Host Parasite Relationship
Parasite derives benefit without reciprocating and without injury to the host or both.
Commensalism
Host Parasite Relationship
Relationship where the parasite, lives in or another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.
Parasitism
Parasites According to the Mode of Living
- Ectoparasites
- Endoparasites
- Facultative parasites
- Obligate parasites
- Accidental/Incidental parasite
- Occasional/Periodic
- Saprophytes
- Erratic
- Zoonotic
____ are parasites living outside the body of the host.
Ectoparasites
____ cause infestation.
Ectoparasites
____ are parasites living inside the body of the host.
Endoparasites
____ cause infection.
Endoparasites
____ are able to live outside or inside the host and lead to both free and parasitic existence.
Facultative Parasites
____ are completely dependent to the host for its existence throughout its life.
Obligate Parasites
____ are parasites that establish itself in the host in which it does not ordinarily live.
Accidental/Incidental Parasite
____ are parasites that seek its host intermittently to obtain nourishment.
Occasional/Periodic Parasites
____ are parasites that live in organic substances in state of decomposition.
Saprophytes
____ are parasites that live in an organ different from the one it usually parasitize.
Erratic Parasites
____ are animal parasites, non-human parasites that may cause human infections.
Zoonotic Parasites
Parasites According to Duration of Parasitism
- Temporary
- Permanent
____ are free living during part of its existence, larval stage has different host from its adult stage.
Temporary Parasites
____ remain on the body of the host in all stages of its life cycle.
Permanent Parasites
Parasites According to Pathologic Locations
- Spurious/Coprozoic
- Coprophilic
- Hematozoic
- Cytozoic
- Coelozoic
- Enterozoic
____ pass the digestive tract of humans without infecting them.
Spurious/Coprozoic Parasites
____ multiply in fecal matter outside the human body.
Coprophilic Parasites
____ live inside the red blood cells.
Hematozoic Parasites
____ live inside the cells or tissues.
Cytozoic Parasites
____ live in the body cavities.
Coelozoic Parasites
____ live in the intestine.
Enterozoic Parasites
Types of Host
- Definitive (Final)
- Intermediate
- Reservoir
- Paratenic
____ harbours the adult and sexually mature form.
Definitive (Final) Host
____ harbours the larvae or asexual stage of the parasite.
Intermediate Host
____ is usually an animal that harbours the same parasite of man.
Reservoir Host
____ harbours a stage of the parasite where there is no further development in parasite takes place.
Paratenic Host
Sources of Exposure to Infection
- Pathogens
- Carriers (asymptomatic)
- Exposure
- Infection
- Incubation period
- Pre-patent period
- Autoinfection
- Superinfection or Hyperinfection
- Co-infection
____ can be animal parasites that are harmful and frequently cause mechanical injury to their host.
Pathogens
____ harbours a particular pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms.
Carrier (asymptomatic carrier)
____ is the process of inoculating an infective agent.
Exposure
____ is the establishment of the infective agent in the host.
Infection
____ is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms.
Incubation period
____ is also known as Biological incubation period.
Pre-patent period
____ is a period between infection and acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Pre-patent period
In ____, the infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
Autoinfection
In ____, the already infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
Superinfection or Hyperinfection
____ is the simultaneous infection of a host by two or more parasite.
Co-infection
Parasites commonly seen in contaminated soil
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Trichuris trichiura
- Hookworm
- Strongyloides stercoralis
Parasites commonly seen in contaminated water
- Amoeba
- Flagellates
- Blood fluke
____ is responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
Vector
Types of Vectors
- Biological
- Mechanical
Types of Vectors
The parasite is seen inside the body of the organism, and the parasite needs the organism for its development.
Biological vector
Types of Vectors
Responsible only for transporting the parasite, the parasite is seen only on the surface of the organism and there will be no development on the parasite.
Mechanical vector
The ____ is the most common area of invasion, entrance for intestinal protozoa.
Mouth
The nomenclature of parasites are classified according to the ____.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Types of Parasitic Life Cycle
- Simple
- Complicated
As the life cycle becomes ____, the lesser chances are for the individual parasite to survive.
complicated
As the life cycle becomes complicated, the ____ chances are for the individual parasite to survive.
lesser
Life Stage of a Parasite
- Ova
- Egg
- Larva
- Trophozoite
- Cyst
- Adult
Mode of Reproduction
- Sexual
- Asexual
Types of Sexual Reproduction
- Oviparous
- Ovoviviparous
- Larviparous/Viviparous
Sexual Reproduction
“Egg birth”
Oviparous
Sexual Reproduction
Give birth to eggs that must develop before hatching
Oviparous
Sexual Reproduction
Produce eggs but retain them inside the female body until hatching occurs, so that “live” offspring are born.
Ovoviviparous
Sexual Reproduction
Being born alive without eggs
Larviparous or Viviparous
Types of Asexual Reproduction
- Binary fission
- Parthenogenesis
Asexual Reproduction
Division in half
Binary fission
Asexual Reproduction
Unfertilized ovum develops directly into a new individual.
Parthenogenesis
Asexual Reproduction
Natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by male sex cell.
Parthenogenesis
Epidemiologic Measures
- Epidemiology
- Incidence
- Prevalence
- Cumulative prevalence
- Intensity of infection
____ is a science concerned with the propagation of the disease, study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.
Epidemiology
____ is the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.
Incidence
____ is usually expressed in percentage, the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite at a certain time.
Prevalence
____ is the percentage of individuals infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative Prevalence
____ is the number of worm per infected person (worm burden).
Intensity of Infection
Types of Intensity of Infection
- Direct
- Indirect
Intensity of infection
Counting expelled worms during treatment
Direct
Intensity of infection
Counting helminth egg excreted in feces, expressed in egg per gram.
Indirect
Distribution of Diseases
- Sporadic
- Endemic
- Epidemic
- Pandemic
Distribution of Diseases
Appears only occasionally in one or at most a few members of the community.
Sporadic
Distribution of Diseases
There is a steady moderate level of disease in human population.
Endemic
Distribution of Diseases
There is a sudden outbreak or rise of incidence in human population.
Epidemic
Distribution of Diseases
Disease have been disseminated in extensive area of the world
Pandemic
Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections
When parasites invade the skin and other tissue causing destruction
Traumatic or Physical Damage
Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections
Secretory and excretory products elaborated by many parasites allow them to metabolize nutrients obtained from the host and store these for energy production.
Lytic Necrosis
Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections
Cellular proliferation, white cell infiltration at the side of the parasite
Tissue reactions
Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections
When proteins or other metabolites of the parasites are introduced into the body, there is sensation to the foreign substance, which may produce hypersensitization to anaphylactic shock.
Toxic allergic phenomena
Pathophysiology and Sympthomology of Parasitic Infections
The parasite competes with its host for the available supply of vitamins.
Deprivation of the host’s essential nutrients and substances
____ is the use of anti-helminthic drugs in an individual or public health program.
Deworming
____ is usually expressed in percentage, number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative in examination at a set time after deworming.
Cure rate
____ is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming.
Egg reduction rate
____ is an individual-level deworming with selection of treatment based on a diagnosis.
Selective treatment
____ is a group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated may be defined irrespective of infection status.
Targeted treatment
____ is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated.
Universal treatment
____ is the proportion of target population reached by an intervention.
Coverage
____ means the genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive.
Drug resistance
____ is the effect of drug against an infective agent.
Efficacy
____ is the measure of the effect of a drug against infecitve agent.
Effectiveness
____ means the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection.
Eradication
Once ____ is achieved, continued measures are no longer needed.
Disease eradication
____ is the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease.
Disease elimination
In ____, continued intervention and surveillance are still required.
Disease elimination
