Intestinal and Reproductive Flagellates Flashcards
____ posses whip-like flagellates as organ for locomotion.
Flagellates
Flagellates possess ____ as organ for locomotion.
whip-like flagella
“mastics” means ____.
whip-like
Flagellates are classified under ____.
- Phylum: Sarcomastigaphora
- Subphylum: Mastigophora
- Class: Zoomastigophora
Subphylum Mastigophora is further divided into ____.
- Digestive and Reproductive Flagellates (lumen-dwelling)
- Blood and Tissue Flagellates (hemoflagellates)
Digestive and reproductive flagellates are also known as ____.
lumen-dwelling flagellates
Digestive and Reproductive Flagellates
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Giardia lamblia
- Trichomonas hominis
- Trichomonas tenax
- Trichimonas vaginalis
____ are flagellates that causes disease.
Pathogenic Flagellates
Pathogenic flagellates
- Giardia lamblia
- Trichomonas vaginalis
____ causes diarrhea.
Giardia lamblia
____ causes vaginitis and urethritis.
Trichomonas vaginalis
____ are flagellates that are only commensal.
Non-pathogenic Flagellates
Non-pathogenic flagellates
- Trichomonas hominis
- Trichomonas tenax
- Chilomastix mesnili
Basic Structure of Flagellates
- Flagella
- Kinetoplast
- Cytostome
- Undulating membrane
- Axostyle or axial rod
- Costa
____ is for locomotor apparatus.
Flagella
____ is a large mitochondria which contains the DNA, and functions in providing energy.
Kinetoplast
Kinetoplast could be ____.
- Blepharoplast
- Parabasal body
____ is the cell mouth used for feeding and attachment.
Cytostome
____ is a membrane laterally projecting from the body of certain flagellates.
Undulating membrane
____ participate in active motility of the flagella.
Undulating membrane
____ functions in support and locomotion.
Axostyle or axial rod
The ____ is a rib-like structure within the cytostome for support.
Costa
____ is an intestinal parasitic flagellate of worldwide distribution.
Giardia lamblia/duodenalis
____ is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea.
Giardia lamblia
Other names for Giardia duodenalis
- Giardia intestinalis
- Giardia lamblia
- Cercomonas intestinalis
____ was first discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in his own stool.
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia was first discovered by ____.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Where did Leeuwenhoek discovered Giardia lamblia?
In his own stool
Giardia lamblia was first described by ____.
Lambl
____ called Giardia lamblia as Cercomonas intestinalis.
Lambl
Giardia duodenalis was later renamed Giardia lamblia by ____.
Stiles
The disease caused by Giardia lamblia is called ____.
Giardiasis
Habitat of Giardia lamblia
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Upper ileum
Trophozoite description of Giardia lamblia
- “Old-man with eyeglasses”
- “Monkey face”
____ is characterized by having a trophozoite description of “Old-man with eyeglasses” and “Monkey face”.
Giardia lamblia
Trophozoite shape of Giardia lamblia
- Pear/teardrop
- Pyriform
- Tennis racket
The trophozoite form of ____ is characterized by having a shape of: pear/teardrop, pyriform, and tennis racket.
Giardia lamblia
The trophozoite form of ____ is bilaterally symmetrical with a distinct medial line called axostyle.
Giardia lamblia
Pathogenic determinant of Giardia lamblia
Large ventral sucking disc
____ is a pathogenic determinant of G. lamblia whch is used for attachment.
Large ventral sucking disc
How many pairs of flagella are present in the trophozoite form of G. lamblia?
4
How many ventral sucking disc are present in G. lamblia?
2
The trophozoite form of ____ is characterized by having a falling-leaf motility.
Giardia lamblia
The trophozoite form of Giardia lamblia is characterized by having a ____ motility.
falling-leaf
Cyst shape of Giardia lamblia
Ovoidal
The cyst form of ____ is characterized by ovoidal shape.
Giardia lamblia
The cyst form of ____ is characterized by its thick shell surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall.
Giardia lamblia
The cyst form of Giardia lamblia is characterized to have a ____.
thick shell (double wall) surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall
No. of nuclei in a young cyst Giardia lamblia
2
No. of nuclei in a mature cyst Giardia lamblia
4
The cyst form of G. lamblia has the presence of ____.
axostyle
Infective stage of Giardia lamblia
Mature cyst
Mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water with G. lamblia mature cyst
- Fecal-oral route
The mature cysts of G. lamblia will undergo ____ in the duodenum for about 30 minutes.
excystation
The mature cysts of G. lamblia will undergo excystation in the ____ for about 30 minutes.
duodenum
How long does it take for a G. lamblia cyst to transform into trophozoite?
30 minutes
The trophozoite form of G. lamblia will rapidly multiply and attach to the ____.
intestinal villi
Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of ____.
Giardiasis or Lambliasis
Onset of Giardiasis
- Between 1-4 weeks
- Average of 9 days
Giardiasis is also known as ____.
Traveler’s Diarrhea
____ is the giardia antigen found in stool.
Cyst wall protein 1
Traveler’s diarrhea was the first recorded water outbreak, which involved a group of travelers in ____.
St. Petersburg, Russia
Other names for Traveler’s diarrhea
- Gay bowel syndrome
- Failure to thrive syndrome
Symptoms for acute cases of giardiasis
- Abdominal pain (cramping)
- Bloating
- “Rotten egg” odor flatus
The rotten egg odor of flatus caused by acute giardiasis is due to ____.
Hydrogen sulfide
Diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia
Cyst and Trophozoites
Specimen for Giardia lamblia
Stool
Laboratory tests for Giardia lamblia
- Direct Fecal Smear
- Entero Test/Enterotube Test/String Test/Beale String’s Test
- Aspirate and Biopsy
- Antigen detection and Immunofluorescence Commercial Test Kit
- Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing
Treatment for Giardia lamblia
- DOC: Metronidazole
- Alternatives: Tinidazole, Albendazole, Furazolidone, Quinacrine, Paromomycin
____ is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Giardiasis.
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing
____ is the only pathogenic Trichomonas.
Trichomonas vaginalis
TRUE OR FALSE.
Trichomonas vaginalis has both a trophozoite and cyst form.
False
Trophozoite form only
____ causes a sexually transmitted disease called Trichomoniasis.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis causes a sexually transmitted disease called ____.
Trichomoniasis
The incidence of trichomoniasis correlates strongly with ____.
number of sexual partners
____ is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection.
Trichomoniasis
____ exists only in the trophozoite stage.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Morphology
____ has a pyriform shape, with four free anterior flagella and a fifth flagellum embedded in the undulating membrane.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite has a ____ shape.
pyriform
Trichomonas vaginalis has ____ free anterior flagella.
four
The fifth flagellum of Trichomonas vaginalis is embedded in the ____.
undulating membrane
Trophozoite Morphology
____ has a median axostyle and a single nucleus.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis has a ____ axostyle.
median
How many nucleus does Trichomonas vaginalis have?
1
Trichomonas vaginalis
Habitat
- Urogenital Tract
- Women: vagina, renal pelvis
- Men: prostate gland, urethra, epididymis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Motility
- “Rapid jerky tumbling”
- “Twitching”
____ has a rapid-jerking or twitching motility.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Infective stage
Trophozoite
Trichomonas vaginalis
Diagnostic stage
Trophozoite
Trichomonas vaginalis
Pathology
- Trichomoniasis
- Persistent urethritis
- Persistent vaginitis
- Infant infections
Trichomoniasis usually co-infects with ____.
- Candidiasis
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
- HIV
Trichomonas vaginalis
Symptoms in Males
- Asymptomatic
- Less persistent
- Carriers
Trichomonas vaginalis
Symptoms in Females
- Greenish-yellow discharge
- Edema, itching, burning sensation
- Strawberry cervix
Strawberry cervix caused by trichomoniasis is observed under ____.
speculum examination
Trichomonas vaginalis
Modes of Transmission
- Sexual intercourse
- Newborns from birth canals
- Contaminated clothing
Trichomonas vaginalis
Virulence factor
Cell-detaching factor (in females)
Leads to sloughing off of vaginal epithelium due to cytolysis.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Specimen for Males
Urine sample, prostatic and seminal fluid
Trichomonas vaginalis
Specimen for Females
Urine sample, vaginal discharge, cervical scrapings
Trichomonas vaginalis
Laboratory test
- Microscopy (wet smear or wet mount)
- Culture
____ is the quickest and most inexpensive way to diagnose trichomoniasis.
Saline preparation
Trichomonas vaginalis
Fixed and stained wet drop
- Giemsa
- Papanicolau
- Romanowsky
- Acridine orange
____ is the gold standard for diagnosis of Trichomoniasis.
Culture
Trichomonas vaginalis
Culture medium
- Feinberg-Whittington
- Diamond Modified
- Trypticase Luver Serum
- InPouch TV Test
____ is the test used for asymptomatic carriers of Trichomoniasis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Trichomonas vaginalis
Treatment
- Oral metronidazole (Tinidazole)
- Acidic Douche
Acidic douche is made up of ____.
10% vinegar
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Shape: Pear, tear-drop, pyriform
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Shape: Pyriform
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Characteristic: Round anterior, pointed posterior, with large sucking disc.
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Characteristic: Prominent axostyle, undulating membrane
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Flagella: 4 pairs (anterior, mid, sucking disc, posterior)
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Flagella: 4 anterior
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Nuclei: 2 nuclei
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Nuclei: Uninucleated
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Symmetry: Symmetrical
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Symmetry: Asymmetrical
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Motility: Falling-leaf
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Motility: Rapid jerky, twitching or tumbling
Trichomonas vaginalis
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite Pathogenicity: Pathogenic
Both
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Cyst Shape: Ovoid
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Cyst Characteristic: Thick shell, axostyle present
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis
Cyst Nuclei: 2 (immature), 4 (mature)
Giardia lamblia
Despite of its name, ____ is not an amoeba but an intestinal flagellate.
Dientamoeba fragilis
____ is originally described as an amoeba.
Dientamoeba fragilis
____ resembles Trichomonas.
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis resembles ____.
Trichomonas
Dientamoeba fragilis is not capable of ____.
encystation
Trophozoite Morphology
Rosette shaped nuclei (1-2)
Dientamoeba fragilis
The nuclei shape of Dientamoeba fragilis is ____.
rosette
Dientamoeba fragilis has ____ nuclei.
1-2
Trophozoite Morphology
Cytoplasm may contain vacuoles with ingested debris
Dientamoeba fragilis
Trophozoite Morphology
____ shows progressive motility.
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis shows ____ motility.
progressive
Trophozoite Morphology
Broad hyaline pseudopodia that possess characteristic “serrated margin”.
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis
Mode of Transmission
- Fecal-oral route
- Tranmission of helminth eggs
____ causes infections that are asymptomatic.
Dientamoeba fragilis
____ can cause possible co-infection with E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides.
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis can cause possible co-infection with ____.
E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides
Chronic infections produced by ____ can mimic Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Dientamoeba fragilis
Chronic infections produced by Dientamoeba fragilis can mimic ____.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Laboratory diagnosis for Dientamoeba fragilis
- Microscopy
- Direct fecal smear
Specimen for Dientamoeba fragilis
Purged stool
Fixatives used for Dientamoeba fragilis
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) + Schaudinn’s fixatives
Treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis
- DOC: Iodoquinol
- Tetracycline and Metronidazole
____ is the largest flagellate known in man.
Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite Morphology
Asymmetrical
Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite Morphology
Pear-shaped
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ shaped trophozoite.
pear
Trophozoite Morphology
Spiral groove on midportion
Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite Morphology
3 anterior flagella
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili has ____ anterior flagella.
3
Trophozoite Morphology
Cystostomal fibril (flagellum within the cytostome)
Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite Morphology
Boring/spiral movement or Cork-screw movement
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ motility.
boring/spiral or cork-screw
Cyst Morphology
Pear or lemon-shaped
Chilomastix mesnili
The cyst form of Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ shape.
pear or lemon
Cyst Morphology
Conical anterior with knob-like or nipple-shaped protuberance
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili
Transmission
Ingestion of cyst
Chilomastix mesnili
Treatment
None (prevention only)
____ is usually found in cecal area of large intestine.
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas hominis is usually found in ____.
cecal area (large intestine)
TRUE OR FALSE.
Trichomonas hominis is commensal, and occurs in both cyst and trophozoite form.
False
Reason: Occurs only in trophozoite form
Trichomonas hominis has a ____ shape of trophozoite.
pyriform
____ have 5 anterior flagella and a posterior flagellum.
Trichomonas hominis
____ is relatively smaller than Trichomonas vaginalis.
Trichomonas hominis
Trichomonas hominis
Transmission
Fecal-oral route
Trichomonas hominis
Habitat
Cecal area
Trichomonas hominis
Specimen
Stool
____ is usually found in the mouth, and is living in tartar around teeth and cavities of carious teeth.
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas tenax occurs only in ____.
trophozoite
Trichomonas tenax
Infective stage
Trophozoite
Trichomonas tenax has a ____ shape of trophozoite.
pyriform
____ is smaller and slender than Trichomonas vaginalis.
Trichomonas tenax
____ has 4 free equal flagella and a 5th one on the margin of the undulating membrane.
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas tenax
Laboratory diagnosis
Swabbing the tartar
____ causes pulmonary trichomoniasis.
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas tenax
Treatment
DOC: Metronidazole
Trophozoite Morphology
3 anterior flagella, 1 posterior flagellum
Enteromonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis demonstrates a ____ motility.
jerky
Cyst Morphology
Very small like Endolimax nana
Enteromonas hominis
Trophozoite Morphology
2 anterior flagella with cytostome
Retortamonas intestinalis
Retortamonas intestinalis demonstrates a ____ motility.
jerky
Cyst Morphology
Pear-shaped with bird’s beak fibular arrangement
Retortamonas intestinalis