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Clinical Parasitology > Intestinal and Reproductive Flagellates > Flashcards

Intestinal and Reproductive Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

____ posses whip-like flagellates as organ for locomotion.

A

Flagellates

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2
Q

Flagellates possess ____ as organ for locomotion.

A

whip-like flagella

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3
Q

“mastics” means ____.

A

whip-like

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4
Q

Flagellates are classified under ____.

A
  • Phylum: Sarcomastigaphora
  • Subphylum: Mastigophora
  • Class: Zoomastigophora
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5
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora is further divided into ____.

A
  • Digestive and Reproductive Flagellates (lumen-dwelling)
  • Blood and Tissue Flagellates (hemoflagellates)
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6
Q

Digestive and reproductive flagellates are also known as ____.

A

lumen-dwelling flagellates

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7
Q

Digestive and Reproductive Flagellates

A
  • Chilomastix mesnili
  • Dientamoeba fragilis
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trichomonas hominis
  • Trichomonas tenax
  • Trichimonas vaginalis
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8
Q

____ are flagellates that causes disease.

A

Pathogenic Flagellates

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9
Q

Pathogenic flagellates

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
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10
Q

____ causes diarrhea.

A

Giardia lamblia

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11
Q

____ causes vaginitis and urethritis.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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12
Q

____ are flagellates that are only commensal.

A

Non-pathogenic Flagellates

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13
Q

Non-pathogenic flagellates

A
  • Trichomonas hominis
  • Trichomonas tenax
  • Chilomastix mesnili
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14
Q

Basic Structure of Flagellates

A
  • Flagella
  • Kinetoplast
  • Cytostome
  • Undulating membrane
  • Axostyle or axial rod
  • Costa
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15
Q

____ is for locomotor apparatus.

A

Flagella

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16
Q

____ is a large mitochondria which contains the DNA, and functions in providing energy.

A

Kinetoplast

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17
Q

Kinetoplast could be ____.

A
  • Blepharoplast
  • Parabasal body
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18
Q

____ is the cell mouth used for feeding and attachment.

A

Cytostome

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19
Q

____ is a membrane laterally projecting from the body of certain flagellates.

A

Undulating membrane

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20
Q

____ participate in active motility of the flagella.

A

Undulating membrane

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21
Q

____ functions in support and locomotion.

A

Axostyle or axial rod

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22
Q

The ____ is a rib-like structure within the cytostome for support.

A

Costa

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23
Q

____ is an intestinal parasitic flagellate of worldwide distribution.

A

Giardia lamblia/duodenalis

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24
Q

____ is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea.

A

Giardia lamblia

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25
Q

Other names for Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Giardia intestinalis
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Cercomonas intestinalis
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26
Q

____ was first discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in his own stool.

A

Giardia lamblia

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27
Q

Giardia lamblia was first discovered by ____.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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28
Q

Where did Leeuwenhoek discovered Giardia lamblia?

A

In his own stool

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29
Q

Giardia lamblia was first described by ____.

A

Lambl

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30
Q

____ called Giardia lamblia as Cercomonas intestinalis.

A

Lambl

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31
Q

Giardia duodenalis was later renamed Giardia lamblia by ____.

A

Stiles

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32
Q

The disease caused by Giardia lamblia is called ____.

A

Giardiasis

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33
Q

Habitat of Giardia lamblia

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Upper ileum
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34
Q

Trophozoite description of Giardia lamblia

A
  • “Old-man with eyeglasses”
  • “Monkey face”
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35
Q

____ is characterized by having a trophozoite description of “Old-man with eyeglasses” and “Monkey face”.

A

Giardia lamblia

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36
Q

Trophozoite shape of Giardia lamblia

A
  • Pear/teardrop
  • Pyriform
  • Tennis racket
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37
Q

The trophozoite form of ____ is characterized by having a shape of: pear/teardrop, pyriform, and tennis racket.

A

Giardia lamblia

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38
Q

The trophozoite form of ____ is bilaterally symmetrical with a distinct medial line called axostyle.

A

Giardia lamblia

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39
Q

Pathogenic determinant of Giardia lamblia

A

Large ventral sucking disc

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40
Q

____ is a pathogenic determinant of G. lamblia whch is used for attachment.

A

Large ventral sucking disc

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41
Q

How many pairs of flagella are present in the trophozoite form of G. lamblia?

A

4

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42
Q

How many ventral sucking disc are present in G. lamblia?

A

2

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43
Q

The trophozoite form of ____ is characterized by having a falling-leaf motility.

A

Giardia lamblia

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44
Q

The trophozoite form of Giardia lamblia is characterized by having a ____ motility.

A

falling-leaf

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45
Q

Cyst shape of Giardia lamblia

A

Ovoidal

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46
Q

The cyst form of ____ is characterized by ovoidal shape.

A

Giardia lamblia

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47
Q

The cyst form of ____ is characterized by its thick shell surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall.

A

Giardia lamblia

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48
Q

The cyst form of Giardia lamblia is characterized to have a ____.

A

thick shell (double wall) surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall

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49
Q

No. of nuclei in a young cyst Giardia lamblia

A

2

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50
Q

No. of nuclei in a mature cyst Giardia lamblia

A

4

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51
Q

The cyst form of G. lamblia has the presence of ____.

A

axostyle

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52
Q

Infective stage of Giardia lamblia

A

Mature cyst

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53
Q

Mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia

A
  • Ingestion of contaminated food and water with G. lamblia mature cyst
  • Fecal-oral route
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54
Q

The mature cysts of G. lamblia will undergo ____ in the duodenum for about 30 minutes.

A

excystation

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55
Q

The mature cysts of G. lamblia will undergo excystation in the ____ for about 30 minutes.

A

duodenum

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56
Q

How long does it take for a G. lamblia cyst to transform into trophozoite?

A

30 minutes

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57
Q

The trophozoite form of G. lamblia will rapidly multiply and attach to the ____.

A

intestinal villi

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58
Q

Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of ____.

A

Giardiasis or Lambliasis

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59
Q

Onset of Giardiasis

A
  • Between 1-4 weeks
  • Average of 9 days
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60
Q

Giardiasis is also known as ____.

A

Traveler’s Diarrhea

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61
Q

____ is the giardia antigen found in stool.

A

Cyst wall protein 1

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62
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea was the first recorded water outbreak, which involved a group of travelers in ____.

A

St. Petersburg, Russia

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63
Q

Other names for Traveler’s diarrhea

A
  • Gay bowel syndrome
  • Failure to thrive syndrome
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64
Q

Symptoms for acute cases of giardiasis

A
  • Abdominal pain (cramping)
  • Bloating
  • “Rotten egg” odor flatus
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65
Q

The rotten egg odor of flatus caused by acute giardiasis is due to ____.

A

Hydrogen sulfide

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66
Q

Diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia

A

Cyst and Trophozoites

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67
Q

Specimen for Giardia lamblia

A

Stool

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68
Q

Laboratory tests for Giardia lamblia

A
  • Direct Fecal Smear
  • Entero Test/Enterotube Test/String Test/Beale String’s Test
  • Aspirate and Biopsy
  • Antigen detection and Immunofluorescence Commercial Test Kit
  • Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing
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69
Q

Treatment for Giardia lamblia

A
  • DOC: Metronidazole
  • Alternatives: Tinidazole, Albendazole, Furazolidone, Quinacrine, Paromomycin
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70
Q

____ is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Giardiasis.

A

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing

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71
Q

____ is the only pathogenic Trichomonas.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Trichomonas vaginalis has both a trophozoite and cyst form.

A

False

Trophozoite form only

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73
Q

____ causes a sexually transmitted disease called Trichomoniasis.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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74
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis causes a sexually transmitted disease called ____.

A

Trichomoniasis

75
Q

The incidence of trichomoniasis correlates strongly with ____.

A

number of sexual partners

76
Q

____ is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection.

A

Trichomoniasis

77
Q

____ exists only in the trophozoite stage.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

78
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

____ has a pyriform shape, with four free anterior flagella and a fifth flagellum embedded in the undulating membrane.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

79
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite has a ____ shape.

A

pyriform

80
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis has ____ free anterior flagella.

A

four

81
Q

The fifth flagellum of Trichomonas vaginalis is embedded in the ____.

A

undulating membrane

82
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

____ has a median axostyle and a single nucleus.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

83
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis has a ____ axostyle.

A

median

84
Q

How many nucleus does Trichomonas vaginalis have?

A

1

85
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Habitat

A
  • Urogenital Tract
  • Women: vagina, renal pelvis
  • Men: prostate gland, urethra, epididymis
86
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Motility

A
  • “Rapid jerky tumbling”
  • “Twitching”
87
Q

____ has a rapid-jerking or twitching motility.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

88
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Infective stage

A

Trophozoite

89
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Diagnostic stage

A

Trophozoite

90
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Pathology

A
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Persistent urethritis
  • Persistent vaginitis
  • Infant infections
91
Q

Trichomoniasis usually co-infects with ____.

A
  • Candidiasis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Syphilis
  • HIV
92
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Symptoms in Males

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Less persistent
  • Carriers
93
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Symptoms in Females

A
  • Greenish-yellow discharge
  • Edema, itching, burning sensation
  • Strawberry cervix
94
Q

Strawberry cervix caused by trichomoniasis is observed under ____.

A

speculum examination

95
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Modes of Transmission

A
  • Sexual intercourse
  • Newborns from birth canals
  • Contaminated clothing
96
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Virulence factor

A

Cell-detaching factor (in females)

Leads to sloughing off of vaginal epithelium due to cytolysis.

97
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Specimen for Males

A

Urine sample, prostatic and seminal fluid

98
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Specimen for Females

A

Urine sample, vaginal discharge, cervical scrapings

99
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Laboratory test

A
  • Microscopy (wet smear or wet mount)
  • Culture
100
Q

____ is the quickest and most inexpensive way to diagnose trichomoniasis.

A

Saline preparation

101
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Fixed and stained wet drop

A
  • Giemsa
  • Papanicolau
  • Romanowsky
  • Acridine orange
102
Q

____ is the gold standard for diagnosis of Trichomoniasis.

A

Culture

103
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Culture medium

A
  • Feinberg-Whittington
  • Diamond Modified
  • Trypticase Luver Serum
  • InPouch TV Test
104
Q

____ is the test used for asymptomatic carriers of Trichomoniasis.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

105
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Treatment

A
  • Oral metronidazole (Tinidazole)
  • Acidic Douche
106
Q

Acidic douche is made up of ____.

A

10% vinegar

107
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Shape: Pear, tear-drop, pyriform

A

Giardia lamblia

108
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Shape: Pyriform

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

109
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Characteristic: Round anterior, pointed posterior, with large sucking disc.

A

Giardia lamblia

110
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Characteristic: Prominent axostyle, undulating membrane

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

111
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Flagella: 4 pairs (anterior, mid, sucking disc, posterior)

A

Giardia lamblia

112
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Flagella: 4 anterior

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

113
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Nuclei: 2 nuclei

A

Giardia lamblia

114
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Nuclei: Uninucleated

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

115
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Symmetry: Symmetrical

A

Giardia lamblia

116
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Symmetry: Asymmetrical

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

117
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Motility: Falling-leaf

A

Giardia lamblia

118
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Motility: Rapid jerky, twitching or tumbling

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

119
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Trophozoite Pathogenicity: Pathogenic

A

Both

120
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Cyst Shape: Ovoid

A

Giardia lamblia

121
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Cyst Characteristic: Thick shell, axostyle present

A

Giardia lamblia

122
Q

Giardia lamblia vs. Trichomonas vaginalis

Cyst Nuclei: 2 (immature), 4 (mature)

A

Giardia lamblia

123
Q

Despite of its name, ____ is not an amoeba but an intestinal flagellate.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

124
Q

____ is originally described as an amoeba.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

125
Q

____ resembles Trichomonas.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

126
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis resembles ____.

A

Trichomonas

127
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis is not capable of ____.

A

encystation

128
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Rosette shaped nuclei (1-2)

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

129
Q

The nuclei shape of Dientamoeba fragilis is ____.

A

rosette

130
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis has ____ nuclei.

A

1-2

131
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Cytoplasm may contain vacuoles with ingested debris

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

132
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

____ shows progressive motility.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

133
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis shows ____ motility.

A

progressive

134
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Broad hyaline pseudopodia that possess characteristic “serrated margin”.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

135
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Mode of Transmission

A
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Tranmission of helminth eggs
136
Q

____ causes infections that are asymptomatic.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

137
Q

____ can cause possible co-infection with E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

138
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis can cause possible co-infection with ____.

A

E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides

139
Q

Chronic infections produced by ____ can mimic Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

140
Q

Chronic infections produced by Dientamoeba fragilis can mimic ____.

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

141
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  • Microscopy
  • Direct fecal smear
142
Q

Specimen for Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Purged stool

143
Q

Fixatives used for Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) + Schaudinn’s fixatives

144
Q

Treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  • DOC: Iodoquinol
  • Tetracycline and Metronidazole
145
Q

____ is the largest flagellate known in man.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

146
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Asymmetrical

A

Chilomastix mesnili

147
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Pear-shaped

A

Chilomastix mesnili

148
Q

Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ shaped trophozoite.

A

pear

149
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Spiral groove on midportion

A

Chilomastix mesnili

150
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

3 anterior flagella

A

Chilomastix mesnili

151
Q

Chilomastix mesnili has ____ anterior flagella.

A

3

152
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Cystostomal fibril (flagellum within the cytostome)

A

Chilomastix mesnili

153
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

Boring/spiral movement or Cork-screw movement

A

Chilomastix mesnili

154
Q

Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ motility.

A

boring/spiral or cork-screw

155
Q

Cyst Morphology

Pear or lemon-shaped

A

Chilomastix mesnili

156
Q

The cyst form of Chilomastix mesnili has a ____ shape.

A

pear or lemon

157
Q

Cyst Morphology

Conical anterior with knob-like or nipple-shaped protuberance

A

Chilomastix mesnili

158
Q

Chilomastix mesnili

Transmission

A

Ingestion of cyst

159
Q

Chilomastix mesnili

Treatment

A

None (prevention only)

160
Q

____ is usually found in cecal area of large intestine.

A

Trichomonas hominis

161
Q

Trichomonas hominis is usually found in ____.

A

cecal area (large intestine)

162
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Trichomonas hominis is commensal, and occurs in both cyst and trophozoite form.

A

False

Reason: Occurs only in trophozoite form

163
Q

Trichomonas hominis has a ____ shape of trophozoite.

A

pyriform

164
Q

____ have 5 anterior flagella and a posterior flagellum.

A

Trichomonas hominis

165
Q

____ is relatively smaller than Trichomonas vaginalis.

A

Trichomonas hominis

166
Q

Trichomonas hominis

Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route

167
Q

Trichomonas hominis

Habitat

A

Cecal area

168
Q

Trichomonas hominis

Specimen

A

Stool

169
Q

____ is usually found in the mouth, and is living in tartar around teeth and cavities of carious teeth.

A

Trichomonas tenax

170
Q

Trichomonas tenax occurs only in ____.

A

trophozoite

171
Q

Trichomonas tenax

Infective stage

A

Trophozoite

172
Q

Trichomonas tenax has a ____ shape of trophozoite.

A

pyriform

173
Q

____ is smaller and slender than Trichomonas vaginalis.

A

Trichomonas tenax

174
Q

____ has 4 free equal flagella and a 5th one on the margin of the undulating membrane.

A

Trichomonas tenax

175
Q

Trichomonas tenax

Laboratory diagnosis

A

Swabbing the tartar

176
Q

____ causes pulmonary trichomoniasis.

A

Trichomonas tenax

177
Q

Trichomonas tenax

Treatment

A

DOC: Metronidazole

178
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

3 anterior flagella, 1 posterior flagellum

A

Enteromonas hominis

179
Q

Enteromonas hominis demonstrates a ____ motility.

A

jerky

180
Q

Cyst Morphology

Very small like Endolimax nana

A

Enteromonas hominis

181
Q

Trophozoite Morphology

2 anterior flagella with cytostome

A

Retortamonas intestinalis

182
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis demonstrates a ____ motility.

A

jerky

183
Q

Cyst Morphology

Pear-shaped with bird’s beak fibular arrangement

A

Retortamonas intestinalis

Clinical Parasitology (3 decks)

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