Introduction to parasitology

Question 1

An area of biology that deals with a special group of animals

Answer 1

parasitology

Question 2

• Parasite that lives inside the host.
• Causes INFECTION to the host

Answer 2

Endoparasite

Question 3

• Parasites that lives outside of the host or on the surface of host’s body.
• Causes INFESTATION to the host.

Answer 3

ectoparasite

Question 4

• Parasite that is found in an organ (not its usual habitat)
• Goes out of its usual habitat (Ex. Ascaris Lumbricoides)

Answer 4

erratic/aberrant parasite

Question 5

Does not produce a disease pattern in man

Answer 5

NON-PATHOGENIC

Question 6

Produce a disease pattern in man

Answer 6

PATHOGENIC

Question 7

Organism which cannot exist without a host (to complete the development and to propagate

Answer 7

obligate parasite

Question 8

Organism which may exist in a free-living state but may become also parasite

Answer 8

facultative parasite

Question 9

Organism which visits the host only during feeding time

Answer 9

intermittent parasite

Question 10

Organism that establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

Answer 10

incidental parasite

Question 10

Organism that establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

Answer 10

incidental parasite

Question 11

Develops further in the soil → infective

Answer 11

soil transmitted parasite

Question 12

Develops further inside the snail → infective

Answer 12

snail transmitted parasite

Question 13

Develops further within an arthropod → Infective
-Malaria parasite → it passes through mosquitos

Answer 13

arthropod transmitted parasite

Question 14

Develops in the flesh of animal (food) → Infective

Answer 14

FOOD ANIMAL TRANSMITTED (P)

Question 15

Does not develop any further; they are readily infective upon contact

Answer 15

CONTACT TRANSMITTED (P)

Question 16

It is the host which harbours the adult stage of parasite

Answer 16

DEFINITIVE HOST

Question 17

Harbors the larval/asexual stages of the parasites

Answer 17

Intermediate host

Question 18

Harbors the early larval stage of the (P)

Answer 18

1st intermediate host

Question 19

Harbors that larval stage which is infective to the final host

Answer 19

2nd intermediate host

Question 20

Are other animals that harbor the (P); allow the continuity of the life cycle of the (P); become another source of infection.

Answer 20

RESERVOIR HOSTS

Question 21

Are organisms infected by (P) that are not normally associated with them

Answer 21

ACCIDENTAL HOST

Question 22

Harbors the infective stage of (P) but no development nor multiplication takes place; simply acts as a mean of transport
for the infective stage to reach the final host

Answer 22

paratenic host

Question 23

Harbors a pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms; can be a source of infection

Answer 23

carrier

Question 24

Are organisms responsible for transmitting the (P) from one host to another

Answer 24

vector

Question 25

Transmits the (P) only after the latter has completed a certain development within it.

Answer 25

biological vector

Question 26

Transports the (P) without any development Food contamination is the most common factor of how man ingest it

Answer 26

mechanical vector

Question 27

Two species live together; one species benefits from the relationship without harming the other one.

Answer 27

commensalism

Question 28

Two organisms mutually benefit from each other. (Ex. Termites and wood, the wood benefits from the flagellates while the flagellates also benefit from the wood)

Answer 28

mutualism

Question 29

One organism lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of host.

Answer 29

parasitism

Question 30

The ability of the (P) to successfully regulate the host immune response. (The human hookworm is only for humans, dog’s hookworm is only for dogs, cat’s hookworm is only for cats) It may not develop in other

Answer 30

host specificity

Question 31

Is the act or process of inoculation of the (P) to the host.

Answer 31

exposure

Question 32

Is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms

Answer 32

Incubation period

Question 33

An infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Answer 33

Autoinfection

Question 34

The infected host is reinfected with the same species leading to massive infection with the (P)

Answer 34

SUPERINFECTION/HYPERINFECTION

Question 35

One that is normally transmitted among animals but could be transmitted to human as well

Answer 35

ZOONOTIC INFECTION

Question 35

One that is normally transmitted among animals but could be transmitted to human as well

Answer 35

ZOONOTIC INFECTION

Question 36

Transmits the infection from one host to another susceptible host - Development into the infective stage may occur in the external environment - Mechanical vectors may facilitate the transmission but are not obligatory. (Ex. Fly, but there is no development happening in the fly)

Answer 36

direct cycle life

Question 37

Requires at least one IH for the (P) to be transmitted from an infected host to the susceptible potential new host - Infective stage of the parasite develops and/or multiplies in the His.

Answer 37

Indirect life cycle

Question 38

Portal of entry

Answer 38

It is important that the parasite enter the right gate. * VIA MOUTH – Ingestion of infective stage * VIA SKIN – Active larval penetration, Inoculation of the arthropod vector * INHALATION – of air-borne eggs * TRANSPLACENTAL/CONGENITAL INFECTION * INTRANASAL – (P) can be deposited in the nasal cavities and reach the covering of the brain.

Question 39

Where they develop to their adult stage.

Answer 39

habitat

Question 40

Stool sample is the specimen used. Some parasite may be recovered from the stool. Some samples such as sputum for some parasites.

Answer 40

portal of exit

Question 41

- These happen in the definitive host, IH and in the environment

Answer 41

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE

Question 42

Example of helminths

Answer 42

eggs, larvae, adult

Question 43

example of protozoan:

Answer 43

Trophozoite, cyst (gametocytes, zygote, ookinete, oocyst, sporozoite, trophozoite, schizont, merozite) hypnozoite for some other species

Question 44

Constant presence of a disease/infectious agent in moderate level within a given area.

Answer 44

ENDEMIC

Question 45

When there is a sharp rise in the incidence of a disease or an outbreak of considerable intensity spreading overf a wide area.

Answer 45

EPIDEMIC

Question 46

When the communicable disease has been disseminated over extensive areas of the world

Answer 46

pandemic

Question 47

When the disease appears only occasionally in one or at most a few members of a community.

Answer 47

sporadic