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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

an organism which lives in or on another organism

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2
Q

host

A

an organism that harbours the parasite

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3
Q

Symbiosis

A

living together, close, long term interaction bewteen 2 different species.

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4
Q

Mutualism

A

an association in which both species benefit from the interaction

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

an association in which the parasite derived benefit and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury.

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6
Q

commensalism

A

an association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without causing injury to the host.

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7
Q

living together, close, long term interaction between 2 different species

A

Symbiosis

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8
Q

An association in which both species benefit from the interaction

A

mutualism

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9
Q

An association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury

A

Parasitism

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10
Q

An association in which the parasite gets benefit without causing injury tot he host

A

commensalism

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11
Q

Definitive host

A

harbours adult stage of parasite or the stage when the parasite is reproducing.

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12
Q

Intermediate host

A

harbours the lava or asexual stage of the parasite

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13
Q

Paratenic host

A

host where parasite remains viable without further development

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14
Q

What type of host harbours the adult stage of the parasite or the stage in which the parasite is reproducint

A

Definitive host

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15
Q

What type of host harbours the larva or asecual stages of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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16
Q

In what type of the host does the parsite remain viable without further development?

A

Paratenic host

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17
Q

what are the 2 main umbrella divisions of parasites/

A

2) Protozoa (micro-parasites)

3) Helminths (macro-parasites)

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18
Q

What term is given to micro-parasites?

A

Protozoa

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19
Q

What term is given to Macro-parasites?

A

Helminths

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20
Q

What type of parasites are :

  • flagellates
  • amoeboids
  • sporozoans
  • trypanosomes
A

Protozoa (micro parasites)

21
Q

What type of parasite is Giardia Lamblia

A

Giardia Lamblia is a Flagellate (protozoa - micro parasite)

22
Q

What type of parasite id entamoeba sp / acanthamoeba sp.

A

Amoeboids (protozoa - micro parasites)

23
Q

What type of parasite are the following:

1) Plasmodium sp
2) Toxoplasma sp

A

Sporozoans (Protozoa - micro parasites)

24
Q

what type of parasites are cryptosporidium sp, cyclospora sp, isospora sp, plasmodium sp, toxoplasma sp.

A

Sporozoans

25
Q

What type of parasites are the following

1) Trypanosoma sp
2) Leishmania sp

A

Trypanosomes

26
Q

Give an example of a flagellate

A

Giardia Lamblia

27
Q

Give an example of an amoeboid?

A

Entamoeba sp

Acanthamoeba sp

28
Q

Give an example of a sporozoans?

A 
Plasmodium sp
Cryptosporidium so
cyclospora sp
Isospora sp
Toxoplasma sp
29
Q

Give an example of a trypanosomes

A

Trypanosoma sp

Leishmania sp

30
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of Helminths?

A

-Platyhelminths (flatworms)
-Nematodes
(round worms)

31
Q

What type of parasites are Cestodes (tapeworms) and Trematodes (flukes)?

A

Platyhelminths (flatworms)

32
Q

Taenia sp, Echinococcus sp, Hymenolepis sp are examples of ….

A

Cestodes (tapeworms ) which are Platyhelminths (flatworms)

33
Q 
What type of parasites are the following:
Schistosoma sp
Fasciola sp
Fasciolopsis sp.
Paragonimus sp.
A

Trematodes (flukes) which belong to the platyhelminths (flatworm) family

34
Q

Ascaris sp, Trichuris sp, Necator sp and ancylostoma sp are ….

A

Intestinal nematodes which are round worms part of the helminth family

35
Q

What type of parasites are the following:

  • wuchereria sp.
  • brugia sp.
  • onchocerca sp.
  • loa loa
A

Tissue nematodes (helminths)

36
Q

What is Ascariasis?

A

Ascariasis:
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.

  • MACROparasite: Intestinal nematode (round worm)
  • acquired by ingestion of eggs (areas of poor hygiene)
37
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Ascariasis?

A

Infects the small intestine.
Migrates into hepatobiliary tree and pancreas.
Causes intestinal obstruction.

Also migrates to lungs causing loefflers syndrome - dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis

38
Q

What is Loefflers syndrome and what infection is it seen in?

A

Loefflers syndrome is a mix of dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis and eosinophili pneumonitis.

It is seen in Ascariasis (infection of small intestine)

39
Q

What is Schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosomiasis aka Bilharzia disease.
The urinary tract / intestines may be infected. abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine.

Caused by Trematode (fluke) which belongs to the Platyhelminth (flatworm) family.

Those who have been infected a long time : liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer.

40
Q

What type of bladder cancer is caused by schistosomiasis?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of bladder

41
Q

What is Praziquantel used to treat?

A

Schistosomiasis

42
Q

What is Hydatid disease

A

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm (platyhelminth family ) of the genus Echinococcus.

43
Q

What are the usual hosts of hydatid disease?

A

Sheep and dogs

44
Q

What is Malaria?

A

Malaria is caused by plasmodium ( of the sporozoan, protozoa family)

**CAUSES RUPTUR OF RBCs, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction.

  • fever/rigors
  • renal failure
  • confusion,headache
  • hypoglycaemia
  • pulmonary oedema
  • circulatory collapse
  • anaemia, bleeding
45
Q

How is Malaria diagnoses?

A

PCR - detection of malaria DNA

46
Q

What is caused by cryptosporidiosis?

A

Diarrhoeal disease

watery diarrhoea + mucus - no blood
-bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting.

47
Q

What causes cryptosporidiosis?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis

48
Q

What type of drugs are the following:

  • metronidazole
  • nitazoxanide
  • pyrimethamine
  • antimalarials
A

Anti Protozoal

49
Q 
what type of drugs are the following:
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin
Praziquantel
A

Anti Helminthic

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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