Introduction to Parasites Flashcards
What is a parasite?
an organism which lives in or on another organism
host
an organism that harbours the parasite
Symbiosis
living together, close, long term interaction bewteen 2 different species.
Mutualism
an association in which both species benefit from the interaction
Parasitism
an association in which the parasite derived benefit and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury.
commensalism
an association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without causing injury to the host.
living together, close, long term interaction between 2 different species
Symbiosis
An association in which both species benefit from the interaction
mutualism
An association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury
Parasitism
An association in which the parasite gets benefit without causing injury tot he host
commensalism
Definitive host
harbours adult stage of parasite or the stage when the parasite is reproducing.
Intermediate host
harbours the lava or asexual stage of the parasite
Paratenic host
host where parasite remains viable without further development
What type of host harbours the adult stage of the parasite or the stage in which the parasite is reproducint
Definitive host
What type of host harbours the larva or asecual stages of the parasite
Intermediate host
In what type of the host does the parsite remain viable without further development?
Paratenic host
what are the 2 main umbrella divisions of parasites/
2) Protozoa (micro-parasites)
3) Helminths (macro-parasites)
What term is given to micro-parasites?
Protozoa
What term is given to Macro-parasites?
Helminths
What type of parasites are :
- flagellates
- amoeboids
- sporozoans
- trypanosomes
Protozoa (micro parasites)
What type of parasite is Giardia Lamblia
Giardia Lamblia is a Flagellate (protozoa - micro parasite)
What type of parasite id entamoeba sp / acanthamoeba sp.
Amoeboids (protozoa - micro parasites)
What type of parasite are the following:
1) Plasmodium sp
2) Toxoplasma sp
Sporozoans (Protozoa - micro parasites)
what type of parasites are cryptosporidium sp, cyclospora sp, isospora sp, plasmodium sp, toxoplasma sp.
Sporozoans
What type of parasites are the following
1) Trypanosoma sp
2) Leishmania sp
Trypanosomes
Give an example of a flagellate
Giardia Lamblia
Give an example of an amoeboid?
Entamoeba sp
Acanthamoeba sp
Give an example of a sporozoans?
Plasmodium sp Cryptosporidium so cyclospora sp Isospora sp Toxoplasma sp
Give an example of a trypanosomes
Trypanosoma sp
Leishmania sp
What are the 2 subdivisions of Helminths?
-Platyhelminths (flatworms)
-Nematodes
(round worms)
What type of parasites are Cestodes (tapeworms) and Trematodes (flukes)?
Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Taenia sp, Echinococcus sp, Hymenolepis sp are examples of ….
Cestodes (tapeworms ) which are Platyhelminths (flatworms)
What type of parasites are the following: Schistosoma sp Fasciola sp Fasciolopsis sp. Paragonimus sp.
Trematodes (flukes) which belong to the platyhelminths (flatworm) family
Ascaris sp, Trichuris sp, Necator sp and ancylostoma sp are ….
Intestinal nematodes which are round worms part of the helminth family
What type of parasites are the following:
- wuchereria sp.
- brugia sp.
- onchocerca sp.
- loa loa
Tissue nematodes (helminths)
What is Ascariasis?
Ascariasis:
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.
- MACROparasite: Intestinal nematode (round worm)
- acquired by ingestion of eggs (areas of poor hygiene)
What are the clinical manifestations of Ascariasis?
Infects the small intestine.
Migrates into hepatobiliary tree and pancreas.
Causes intestinal obstruction.
Also migrates to lungs causing loefflers syndrome - dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis
What is Loefflers syndrome and what infection is it seen in?
Loefflers syndrome is a mix of dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis and eosinophili pneumonitis.
It is seen in Ascariasis (infection of small intestine)
What is Schistosomiasis?
Schistosomiasis aka Bilharzia disease.
The urinary tract / intestines may be infected. abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine.
Caused by Trematode (fluke) which belongs to the Platyhelminth (flatworm) family.
Those who have been infected a long time : liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer.
What type of bladder cancer is caused by schistosomiasis?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of bladder
What is Praziquantel used to treat?
Schistosomiasis
What is Hydatid disease
Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm (platyhelminth family ) of the genus Echinococcus.
What are the usual hosts of hydatid disease?
Sheep and dogs
What is Malaria?
Malaria is caused by plasmodium ( of the sporozoan, protozoa family)
**CAUSES RUPTUR OF RBCs, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction.
- fever/rigors
- renal failure
- confusion,headache
- hypoglycaemia
- pulmonary oedema
- circulatory collapse
- anaemia, bleeding
How is Malaria diagnoses?
PCR - detection of malaria DNA
What is caused by cryptosporidiosis?
Diarrhoeal disease
watery diarrhoea + mucus - no blood
-bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting.
What causes cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis
What type of drugs are the following:
- metronidazole
- nitazoxanide
- pyrimethamine
- antimalarials
Anti Protozoal
what type of drugs are the following: Albendazole Mebendazole Ivermectin Praziquantel
Anti Helminthic
