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Clinical Pathology > Childhood Viral Infections > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

When is IgM produced?

A

in an acute infection

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2
Q

what antibody provides long term immunity?

A

IgG

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3
Q

What could be a viral cause of a rash in children?

A

1) Parovirus
2) Measles
3) Chickenpox
4) Rubella
5) Non-polio enterovirus infection
6) EBV

*Also caused by bacteria eg. staph aureus, N.meningitdis

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4
Q

What type of virus is measles?

A

Paramyxovirus

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5
Q

Describe the infectivity of measles

A

-it is infective from the start of first symtpoms (4 days before rash and for days after rash disappears.)

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6
Q

What is the incubation of measles virus?

A

7-18 day

average 10-12

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7
Q

In what condition do we see Koplik’s spots 1-2 days before the rash?

A

Measles

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8
Q

What are the key clinical symptoms of measles/

A

Rash
fever
cough, coryza, conjunctivitis

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9
Q

What are the 3 C’s seen in Measles?

A

Cough,
coryza,
Conjunctivitis

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10
Q

How do we diagnose Measles?

A
  • look at clinical symptoms
  • leukopenia
  • oral fluid sample
  • serology
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11
Q

What is the treatment for measles?

A

-supportive
Preventative:
vaccine - live MMR

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12
Q

What virus causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

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13
Q

How is varicella zoster virus transmitted??

A

Respiratory / contact

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14
Q

What is the incubation period for varicella zoster virus?

A

14-15days

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15
Q

What is the infectivity of varicella zoster virus?

A

2 days before onset of rash until after the vesicles dry up

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16
Q

What are the clinical symptoms and complications of VZV infection?

A
  • fever, malaise, anorexia
  • central rash (vesicular)

complications:

  • pneumonitis
  • thromocytopenic purpura
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17
Q

How is VZV (chickenpox) diagnosed?

A
  • clincal

- PCR of vesicle fluid / CSF

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18
Q

What is the treatment of VZV?

A

Oral aciclovir

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19
Q

what are the preventative methods for chickenpox?

A
  • VZ immuniglobulin

- Live vaccine.

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20
Q

What type of virus is rubella?

A

Togavirus, RNA virus

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21
Q

How is rubella transmitted?

A

Droplet spread

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22
Q

What is the incubation period for rubella?

A

14-21days

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23
Q

What is the infectivity of rubella?

A

1 week before rash to 4 days after

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24
Q

What are the clinical features of rubella?

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • rash

complications:

  • thrombocytopenia
  • encephalitis
  • arthritis
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25
Q

what percent of infectious children are asymptomatic with rubella?

A

50%

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26
Q

What is congenital rubella syndrome?

A

If rubella is passed from mother to fetus in first trimester the following can occur:

1) cataracts
2) deafness
3) cardiac abnormalities
4) microencephaly (small head)
5) retardation of intra-uterine growth
6) inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrrow.

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27
Q

How is rubella diagnosed?

A
  • oral fluid testing for IgM/IgG

- serology for IgM/IgG

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28
Q

What are the treatments for rubella?

A

no treatment

prevention - MMR vaccine

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29
Q

What type of virus is Parvovirus B19?

A

DNA virus

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30
Q

How is Parvovirus transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions or from mother to child

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31
Q

What is the incubation period for parvovirus?

A

4 to 14 dyas

32
Q

What are the clinical features of parvovirus B19?

A
  • minor resp illness
  • rash illness “slapped cheek”
  • Arthralgia (pain in joint)
  • aplastic anaemia (defficiency of all types of blood cells)
  • Anaemia in the immunosuppressed
33
Q

How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed?

A
  • Serology IgM / IgG (90% have IgM at time of Rash)
  • Amniotic fluid sample
  • PCR
34
Q

What is the treatment for parvovirus B19??

A

Blood transfusion

35
Q

What type of infection is Coxsachie?

A

Enteroviral infection

36
Q

How are enteroviral infections transmitted?

A

faecal-oral

skin contact

37
Q

what is responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Enteroviral infections

38
Q

What type of infection is echoviral ?

A

Enteroviral infection

39
Q

What virus could be causing respiratory symptoms?

A

1) respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
2) Parainfluenza
3) Influenza
4) Adenovirus
5) Metapneumovirus
6) Rhinovirus

40
Q

What type of virus is RSV?

A

Pneumovirus

41
Q

What does RSV cause in under 1 year olds?

A

Bronchiolitis

42
Q

How is RSV diagnosed?

A

PCR on nasal secretions

43
Q

How is RSV treated?

A

Oxygen
manage fever
manage fluid intake

44
Q

What type of virus is metapmeumovirus?

A

Paramyxovirus

45
Q

How is Metapneumovirus diagnosed?

A

PCR

46
Q

How is metapneumovirus treated?

A

Supportive treatments only

47
Q

What percent of childhood resp inf is caused by adeno virus?

A

10% of childhood Resp Infections are caused by adenovirus

48
Q

How does adenovirus present?

A
  • upper resp tract inf

- conjunctivitis

49
Q

How is adenovirus diagnosed?

A

Respiratory - PCR

Eye swab PCR

50
Q

What is the treatment for adenovirus?

A

Cidofovir in immunocompromised

51
Q

What type of virus us parainfluenza?

A

paramyxovirus

52
Q

How is parainfluenza transmitted?

A

person to person; inhilation

53
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Parainfluenza?

A
  • croup
  • bronchiolitis
  • URTI
54
Q

How is parainfluenza diagnosed?

A

PCR

55
Q

What are the treatments for parainfluenza ?

A

no treatment

56
Q

What virus that effects the respiratory system is a member of the picornaviridae family?

A

Rhinovirus

57
Q

What virus is found in approximately 70% of children with mild URTI symptoms?

A

Rhinovirus

58
Q

What are the 2 common viruses seen in a child with diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus

Norovirus

59
Q

What type of virus is Rotavirus?

A

Rotvirus is a reovirus (RNA virus)

60
Q

How is rotavirus transmitted?

A

Faecal -oral

61
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

A

1-2 days

62
Q

What are the clinical features of rotavirus?

A

Diarrhoae and vomiting

63
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed?

A

PCR

64
Q

What is the treatment for rotavirus?

A

rehydration

65
Q

What is also known as the winter vomiting bug?

A

Norovirus

66
Q

What is the symptoms of norovirus?

A

vomiting and diarhoea

67
Q

What is the infectivity of norovirus?

A

short course of 12-60hrs

68
Q

how is norovirus diagnosed?

A

PCR

69
Q

what is the treatment for norovirus

A

rehydration

70
Q

What family does the mumps virus belong to?

A

Paramyxoviridae

71
Q

what is the incubation period for mumps ?

A

2-4weeks

72
Q

What is the infectivity of mumps?

A

several days before parotid swelling to several days after

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of mumps?

A
  • Prodrome : low grade fever, anorexia, malaise, headache.
  • Next 24 hours : earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid.
  • Next 2-3 days : gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain.

FEVER

74
Q

What are the rare compications of MUMPs?

A
  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
  • renal function abnormalities
  • pancreatitis
75
Q

How is Mumps diagnosed?

A
  • raised serum amylase
  • clinical
  • serology (IgM)
  • PCR
76
Q

What neotnatal/congenital infection causes growth retardation, deafness and blindess?

A

CMV

cytomegalo virus

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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