Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
What does the general formula show?
It is a formula that describes any member of a family of compounds
What is the Empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What does the Molecular formula show?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What does the Structural formula show?
This formula shows the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups and how they are arranged
What does the Skeletal formula show?
This formula shows the bonds of carbon skeleton only with any functional groups attached
What does the Displayed formula show?
This formula shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a family of compounds with the same general formula and functional group.
What is a functional group?
A reactive part of the molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties
How does each successive member of a homologous series differ from the other?
They differ by a CH(2) group
What is the suffix for alkanes?
-ane
What is the prefix for branched alkanes?
alkyl-
What is the suffix for alkenes?
-ene
What are the prefixes for halogenalkanes?
fluoro-
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-
What is the suffix for alcohols?
-ol
What is the suffix for aldehydes?
-al
What is the suffix for ketones?
-one
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
What is the prefix and suffix for esters?
alkyl-
-oate
What is the suffix for amines?
-amine
What is the suffix for amides?
-amide
What is the suffix for acyl chlorides?
-oyl chloride
What is the prefix and suffix for cycloalkanes?
cyclo-
-ane
What is the prefix for arenes?
-benzene
What are lone pairs?
Electrons not involved in a bond
What are hydrocarbons
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
What is the definition of saturated?
A comppound containing single carbon to carbon bonds
What is the definition of unsaturated?
Acompoud containing a double carbon to carbon bond
What is an alkyl?
An alkyl is made when a hydrogen is removed from an alkane. They are often attached to organic molecules
What is structural isomerism?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
What are the three type of structural isomerism?
Chain
Functional
Positional
What are chain isomers?
Structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon chain
What are functional isomers?
Structural isomer that differ by having a different functional group
What are positional isomers?
Structural isomers that differ by having the functional goup in a different position
What is the priority from highest to lowest when it comes to naming organic compounds?
Carboxylic acid ester acyl chloride nitrile aldehyde ketone alcohol amine alkene halogenalkane
What are stereoisomers?
Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but different spatial arrangement of atoms
What are the two different types of stereoisomers?
Geometric
Optical
What are geometric isomers?
Molecules which have a different arrangement of group around the C=C
Also known as E-Z stereisomers
What are optical isomers?
Molecules which are non-superimposable mirror images
When does geometric isomerism occur?
Restricted around the C=C bond
There are different groups/atoms attached at both ends of the C=C bond
What are the prefixes for the number of carbons from 1 to 10
1- meth 2- eth 3- prop 4- but 5- pent 6- hex 7- hept 8- oct 9- non 10- dec
What are the rules for naming straight chain alkanes?
-Count the carbons in the main chain
-Use the correct prefix for the number of carbons
Add the suffix for alkanes at the end
What are the rules for naming branched alkanes?
Name the main carbon chain
Add the name for the side chain
Number where the chain is added to the main chain so that it is the lowest it can be
When there are two or more side chains, list them alphabetically
use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra etc, if necessary
What are the rules for naming alkenes?
Find the longest carbon chain that contains the double chain
Name the alkene(-ene suffix)
Number the carbons so that the C=C bond has the lowest number
State the number before the -ene with a hyphen(eg. hex-1-ene
What are the rules for naming haloalkanes?
Name the haloalkane by naming the alkane and then the halogen
Use numbers to show where the halogen is
Make sure the number is as low as possible
Remember to list the groups alphabetically
Use di-, tri- etc if appropriate
What are the different type of haloalkanes?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
What is primary haloalkane?
A carbon joined to halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group
What is secondary haloalkane?
A carbon joined to halogen is only attached to two other alkyl group
What is tertiary haloalkane?
A carbon joined to halogen is only attached to three other alkyl group
What is a Z-isomer?
A z-isomer has the same groups either above or below the C=C bond
What is an E-isomer?
An e-isomer has 2 of the same group positioned across the C=C bond
What is the IUPAC system?
It is the agreed international language of chemistry.
It means that scientific ideas can be shared effectively by scientists across the globe which avoids confusion
