Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is general formula?
The algebraic formula such as alkanes, alkenes and alcohols.
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
What is the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element.
What is the molecular formular of ethane?
C2H6
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest number ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is the empirical formula of ethane?
CH3
What is the structural formula?
Shows the arrangement if atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds.
What is the structural formula of Butan-1-ol?
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
What is the skeletal formula?
It shows the carbon skeleton only, hydrogen and carbon atoms are not shown but functional groups are.
What is displayed formula?
It shows the arrangement if atoms and all the bonds in a molecule.
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds which have the same functional group and general formula.
What is the suffix in the alkane homologus series?
-ane.
What is the prefix of the branched alkane homologus series?
Alkyl-
What is the suffix of the alkene homologus series?
-ene.
What is the suffix of the alcohol homologus series?
-ol.
What is the suffix of the aldehydes homologus series?
-al.
What is the suffix of the ketones homologus series?
-one.
What is the suffix of the carboxylic acid homologus series?
-oic acid.
What are some of the prefixs for the halogenoalkane homologus series?
Fluouro-, Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodo-.
What is the suffix and prefix for the cycloalkane homologus series?
Cyclo- , -ane.
What is the first step in naming molecules?
Find the length of the stem by counting the longest continous chain of carbons.
What is the second step in naming molecules?
Find the corresponding prefix based on the number of carbons, e.g but- for four carbons.
What is the third step in naming molecules?
Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible number carbon it can.
What is the fourth step in naming molecules?
Make a note of which carbon the functioning group is on and place this number before the suffix.
What is the fifth step in naming molecules?
Add any side or less important chains in alphabetical order as prefixs.
What does a chemical mechanism show?
The movement of electrons during a chemical reaction
What type of arrow do we use to show the movement of a pair of electrons?
A curly arrow.
Where does the curly arrow start?
The area with electrons such as a double bond or lone pair.
Where do the curly arrows end?
Where the electrons are moving to or the formation of a new bond.
What type of mechanisms do not require curly arrows?
Free radical mechanisms.
What are structural isomers?
They have the same molecular formula but a different structural fomula.
What are the three types of structural isomers?
Chain, positional and functional groups.
What are chain isomers?
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.
What are positional isomers?
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton.
What are functional group isomers?
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group.
What are stereoisomers?
Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
What does the E stand for in E/Z isomerism?
Opposite, same groups on opposite sides of the double bond.
What does the Z stand for in E/Z isomerism?
Together, same groups on the same side of the double bond.
What causes E/Z isomerism?
The carbon=carbon double bond, which causes restricted rotation .
What is a functional group?
The reactive group which is attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
What are isomers?
Molecules which have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.
What is a homologus series?
A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, same general formula and similar chemical properties.
How do the physical properties within homologus series change?
Gradually.
What do functional groups determine?
The physical and chemical properties of molecules.
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
What is the general formula?
A formula that represents a homolous series of compounds using letters and number.
What is the displayed formula?
A formula that is a 2D representation of an organic molecule, showing all of its atoms and bonds.
What is the skeletal formula?
A simplified displayed formula with all the carbon and hydrogen bonds removed.
What is the molecular formula?
A formula which shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule.
What is the empirical formula?
A formula which shows the simplified whole number ratio of the elements present in one molecule of the compound.
What is systemic nomenclature used for?
To name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them.
What provides the base for the naming system?
Alkanes.
What is the stem of the name of an organic molecule based on?
The longest chain of carbons.
What are numbers and words seperated from each other by in naming?
A hyphen.
How are side chains named?
In alphabetical order.
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
What are the three types of structural isomers called?
Chain, positional and functional group.
What is chain isomerism?
It is when compounds have the same molecular formula but their longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same.
What causes chain isomerism?
Branching.
What is positional isomerism?
The different position of the functional group on the isomer.
What is functional group isomerism?
It is where the different functional groups result in the same molecular formula.
What are stereoisomers?
Compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space.
What is E/Z isomerism used for?
To distinguish between the stereoisomers.
What is a z isomer?
An isomer that has the functional groups on the same side of the double bond / carbon ring.
What is an e isomer?
An isomer that has functional group on the opposite side of the double bond / carbon ring.
