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Chemistry AS > Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is general formula?

A

The algebraic formula such as alkanes, alkenes and alcohols.

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2
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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5
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element.

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6
Q

What is the molecular formular of ethane?

A

C2H6

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7
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest number ratio of atoms in a compound.

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8
Q

What is the empirical formula of ethane?

A

CH3

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9
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Shows the arrangement if atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds.

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10
Q

What is the structural formula of Butan-1-ol?

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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11
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

It shows the carbon skeleton only, hydrogen and carbon atoms are not shown but functional groups are.

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12
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

It shows the arrangement if atoms and all the bonds in a molecule.

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds which have the same functional group and general formula.

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14
Q

What is the suffix in the alkane homologus series?

A

-ane.

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15
Q

What is the prefix of the branched alkane homologus series?

A

Alkyl-

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16
Q

What is the suffix of the alkene homologus series?

A

-ene.

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17
Q

What is the suffix of the alcohol homologus series?

A

-ol.

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18
Q

What is the suffix of the aldehydes homologus series?

A

-al.

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19
Q

What is the suffix of the ketones homologus series?

A

-one.

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20
Q

What is the suffix of the carboxylic acid homologus series?

A

-oic acid.

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21
Q

What are some of the prefixs for the halogenoalkane homologus series?

A

Fluouro-, Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodo-.

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22
Q

What is the suffix and prefix for the cycloalkane homologus series?

A

Cyclo- , -ane.

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23
Q

What is the first step in naming molecules?

A

Find the length of the stem by counting the longest continous chain of carbons.

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24
Q

What is the second step in naming molecules?

A

Find the corresponding prefix based on the number of carbons, e.g but- for four carbons.

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25
Q

What is the third step in naming molecules?

A

Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible number carbon it can.

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26
Q

What is the fourth step in naming molecules?

A

Make a note of which carbon the functioning group is on and place this number before the suffix.

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27
Q

What is the fifth step in naming molecules?

A

Add any side or less important chains in alphabetical order as prefixs.

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28
Q

What does a chemical mechanism show?

A

The movement of electrons during a chemical reaction

29
Q

What type of arrow do we use to show the movement of a pair of electrons?

A

A curly arrow.

30
Q

Where does the curly arrow start?

A

The area with electrons such as a double bond or lone pair.

31
Q

Where do the curly arrows end?

A

Where the electrons are moving to or the formation of a new bond.

32
Q

What type of mechanisms do not require curly arrows?

A

Free radical mechanisms.

33
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

They have the same molecular formula but a different structural fomula.

34
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A

Chain, positional and functional groups.

35
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.

36
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton.

37
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group.

38
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

39
Q

What does the E stand for in E/Z isomerism?

A

Opposite, same groups on opposite sides of the double bond.

40
Q

What does the Z stand for in E/Z isomerism?

A

Together, same groups on the same side of the double bond.

41
Q

What causes E/Z isomerism?

A

The carbon=carbon double bond, which causes restricted rotation .

42
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The reactive group which is attached to a hydrocarbon chain.

43
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.

44
Q

What is a homologus series?

A

A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, same general formula and similar chemical properties.

45
Q

How do the physical properties within homologus series change?

A

Gradually.

46
Q

What do functional groups determine?

A

The physical and chemical properties of molecules.

47
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

48
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A formula that represents a homolous series of compounds using letters and number.

49
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

A formula that is a 2D representation of an organic molecule, showing all of its atoms and bonds.

50
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

A simplified displayed formula with all the carbon and hydrogen bonds removed.

51
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

A formula which shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule.

52
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

A formula which shows the simplified whole number ratio of the elements present in one molecule of the compound.

53
Q

What is systemic nomenclature used for?

A

To name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them.

54
Q

What provides the base for the naming system?

A

Alkanes.

55
Q

What is the stem of the name of an organic molecule based on?

A

The longest chain of carbons.

56
Q

What are numbers and words seperated from each other by in naming?

A

A hyphen.

57
Q

How are side chains named?

A

In alphabetical order.

58
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

59
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers called?

A

Chain, positional and functional group.

60
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

It is when compounds have the same molecular formula but their longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same.

61
Q

What causes chain isomerism?

A

Branching.

62
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A

The different position of the functional group on the isomer.

63
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

It is where the different functional groups result in the same molecular formula.

64
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space.

65
Q

What is E/Z isomerism used for?

A

To distinguish between the stereoisomers.

66
Q

What is a z isomer?

A

An isomer that has the functional groups on the same side of the double bond / carbon ring.

67
Q

What is an e isomer?

A

An isomer that has functional group on the opposite side of the double bond / carbon ring.

68
Q
A

Chemistry AS (16 decks)

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