Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

General formula

A

is an algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the ‘family’

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

the actual number of atoms in a molecule or element

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3
Q

Empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

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4
Q

Structural formula

A

the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds

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5
Q

Skeletal formula

A

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only.
hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown but functional groups are

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6
Q

Displayed formula

A

shows the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in the molecule

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7
Q

Homologous series

A

a group of compounds have the same functional group and general formula

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8
Q

Homologous series

A

alkanes - ane
alkanes (branched) - alkyl
alkenes - ene
alcohols - ol
aldehydes - al
ketones - one
carboxylic acids - oic acid
halogenoalkanes - fluoro / chloro / bromo / iodo
cycloalkanes - cyclo - ane

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9
Q

how are the molecules named?

A

IUPAC

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10
Q

Polymerisation

A

joining smaller monomers together to form a very long chain

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11
Q

Elimination

A

some atoms break away from a larger molecule

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

splitting a molecule into 2 using OH- or H + from a H20 molecule

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13
Q

Addition

A

joining molecules together to form longer ones

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14
Q

Substitution

A

replacing one atom with another on a molecule

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15
Q

Reduction

A

when a species gains electrons in a reaction

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

when a species loses electrons in a reaction

17
Q

Structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

18
Q

what are the three types of structural isomers?

A

chain isomers, position isomers and functional group

19
Q

Chain isomers

A

same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

20
Q

Positional isomers

A

same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton

21
Q

Functional group

A

same molecular formula but different functional group

22
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same molecular + structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of bonds

23
Q

Give an example of a stereoisomer.

A

E/Z isomerism

24
Q

E/Z isomerism

A
  • the C=C bond and the atoms bonded directly to this are flat (planar)
  • the shape of the C=CH2 is trigonal planar with an angle of 120
  • atoms cannot rotate around the C=C bond and is rigid
25
Q

What are the two types of isomers?

A

E-isomer and Z-isomer

26
Q

E- isomer

A

entgagen - opposite - the same groups opposite the double bond

27
Q

Z-isomer

A

zusammen - together - same groups on the same side of the double bond

28
Q

Cis- isomer

A

when the groups are on the same side

29
Q

Trans- isomer

A

when they are different groups

30
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP)

A
  1. label carbons with double bond as ‘carbon 1’ and ‘carbon 2’
  2. Calculate the atomic number of the first element directly bonded to the C=C. The atoms with the highest atomic number is given a higher priority