Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
General formula
is an algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the ‘family’
Molecular formula
the actual number of atoms in a molecule or element
Empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Structural formula
the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds
Skeletal formula
shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only.
hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown but functional groups are
Displayed formula
shows the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in the molecule
Homologous series
a group of compounds have the same functional group and general formula
Homologous series
alkanes - ane
alkanes (branched) - alkyl
alkenes - ene
alcohols - ol
aldehydes - al
ketones - one
carboxylic acids - oic acid
halogenoalkanes - fluoro / chloro / bromo / iodo
cycloalkanes - cyclo - ane
how are the molecules named?
IUPAC
Polymerisation
joining smaller monomers together to form a very long chain
Elimination
some atoms break away from a larger molecule
Hydrolysis
splitting a molecule into 2 using OH- or H + from a H20 molecule
Addition
joining molecules together to form longer ones
Substitution
replacing one atom with another on a molecule
Reduction
when a species gains electrons in a reaction
Oxidation
when a species loses electrons in a reaction
Structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what are the three types of structural isomers?
chain isomers, position isomers and functional group
Chain isomers
same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton
Positional isomers
same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton
Functional group
same molecular formula but different functional group
Stereoisomers
molecules with the same molecular + structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of bonds
Give an example of a stereoisomer.
E/Z isomerism
E/Z isomerism
- the C=C bond and the atoms bonded directly to this are flat (planar)
- the shape of the C=CH2 is trigonal planar with an angle of 120
- atoms cannot rotate around the C=C bond and is rigid
What are the two types of isomers?
E-isomer and Z-isomer
E- isomer
entgagen - opposite - the same groups opposite the double bond
Z-isomer
zusammen - together - same groups on the same side of the double bond
Cis- isomer
when the groups are on the same side
Trans- isomer
when they are different groups
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP)
- label carbons with double bond as ‘carbon 1’ and ‘carbon 2’
- Calculate the atomic number of the first element directly bonded to the C=C. The atoms with the highest atomic number is given a higher priority
