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Topic 6: Organic chemistry 1 > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

what do alcohols contain ?

A

contain hydrocarbon chains with a hydroxyl functional group

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2
Q

how do we make alcohols ?
chloroethane + H20

A

ethanol + HCI

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3
Q

how do we make alcohols ?
propene + H20

A

propan - 1- ol ( H3PO4)

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4
Q

how do we make alcohols ?
ethene + acidified

A

KMNO4 -> diol

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5
Q

physical properties of alcohols - boiling point

A

they have higher boiling point than their analogous alkanes and longer chain alcohols have higher boiling points

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6
Q

physical properties of alcohols - intermolecular forces

A

they have stronger intermolecular forces
- london forces, PD - PD interactions and hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

physical properties of alcohols - solubility

A

more similar intermolecular forces with the solvent means greater solubility

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8
Q

what did both water and alcohol form ?

A

hydrogen bonds making alcohols soluble in water

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9
Q

complete combustion of butanol

A

C4H9OH (l) + 6O2 (g) -> 4CO2 (g) + 5H2O (l)

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10
Q

incomplete combustion of propanol

A

C3H7OH + 2.5O2 -> 2CO (g) + C + 4H2O (l)

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11
Q

making halogenoalkanes - chloro (alcohol)
- reaction

A

C2H5OH + PCI5 -> C2H5CI

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12
Q

making halogenoalkanes - chloro (alcohol)
- what reaction does it make ?
- how can it be made ?

A
  • substitution reaction
  • teritary chloroalkanes can be made by reacting conc HCI with a tertiary alcohol
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13
Q

what appearance would be made when phosphorius (III) chloride reacts with hydrochloric acid ?

A

steamy fuse

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14
Q

making halogenoalkanes - bromo (alcohol)
- reaction

A

C2H5OH + HBr -> C2H5Br H2O

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15
Q

making halogenoalkanes - bromo (alcohol)
- what has been made in the flask ?
- what is required ?

A
  • HBr is made in the flask creating a 50:50 mixture of sulphuric acid and KBr
  • heating is required
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16
Q

making halogenoalkanes - iodo (alcohol)
- reaction

A

3C2H5OH + PI3 -> 3C25HI H3PO3

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17
Q

making halogenoalkanes - iodo (alcohol)
- what has been made in the flask ?

A
  • PI3 is made in the flask by mixing red phosphorus with iodine
18
Q

making alkenes

A
  • an acid catalysed dehydration reaction (elimination)
19
Q

dehydration reaction - define

A

a reaction where water is lost from a larger molecule

20
Q

primary alcohols
- what is the first reaction of an alcohol ?

A
  • the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde
    CH3CH2CH2OH + [O] -> CH3CH2CHO + H2O
21
Q

what is required to get a pure sample of aldehyde - the oxidation of an alcohol

A

dilute sulphuric acid and distillation

22
Q

what smell is produced from an aldehyde ?

A

sweet smell

23
Q

primary alcohols
- what does the aldehyde undergo further oxidation into ?

A
  • carboxylic acid
    CH3CH2CHO + [O] -> CH3CH2COOH
24
Q

what is required to get carboxylic acid - the oxidation of an alcohol

A

dilute sulphuric acid and reflux

25
Q

what smell is produced from a carboxylic acid ?

A

acidic smell

26
Q

what is required in an oxidation reaction ?

A

an oxidising agent

27
Q

what is the chemical used in the oxidation of alcohols ?

A

potassium dichromate (VI)

28
Q

how does the name K2Cr2O7 come from ?

A

the chromium present has lost six electrons - oxidation state of 6+

29
Q

what colour does potassium dichromate make ?

A

orange

30
Q

as these reaction, what is the chromium ions reduced from and to ?

A

Cr (VI) to Cr (III)

31
Q

how can you tell when the oxidation reaction has occurred in alcohols ?

A

orange solution will turn into a green solution

32
Q

secondary alcohols can only undergo a single reaction into what ?

A

a ketone
CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] -> CH3COCH3 + H2O

33
Q

what conditions are required in secondary alcohols ?

A

heat and reflux

34
Q

can tertiary alcohols undergo oxidation ?

A

no

35
Q

what is the test for tertiary alcohols ?

A

add acidified potassium dichromate (VI) and heat

36
Q

what does Benedict’s /Fehling’s solutions contain ?

A

blue Cu (II) ions - capable of oxidising

37
Q

when the reaction occurs in the testing for aldehydes or ketones what forms ?

A

orange - brown precipitate of Cu (I) oxide is formed

38
Q

what functional group will be a blue -> orange colour change be seen ?

A

positive result only occurs with aldehydes

39
Q

besides the benedict’s / Fehling’s solution what is another test ?

A

tollens reagent - silver mirror

40
Q

what is the tollens reagent a mixture of ?

A

silver nitrate and ammonia
- Ag+ ions are reduced by an aldehyde to form silver metal

Topic 6: Organic chemistry 1 (7 decks)

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