INTRODUCTION TO NEUROSCIENCE

Question 1

Name the types of Neuron

Answer 1

Cerebellar Purkinjee cell
Cortical Pyramidal cell - cortex
Hippocampal granule cell - hippocampus
Retinal Bipolar cell - eye

Question 2

What is resting potential of electrically charged neurons?

Answer 2

70 millivolts

Question 3

What is the name for charged particles differently distributed on either side of the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Ions

Question 4

What type of ions are there?

Answer 4

A anions restricted to the inside of the cell
Na+ Sodium ions mostly outside the neuron
K+ mostly inside the neuron
Cl- mostly outside the neuron

Question 5

What characteristic can be used to describe the neuronal membrane?

Answer 5

Semi-permeable

Question 6

What is the connection between the lipid bilayer and negative ions

Answer 6

it is impermeable

Question 7

Channel allows the flow of —-

Answer 7

specific ion through the membrane

Question 8

When there is different concentration =s of ions in and out of the cell, what two forces determine distribution of charged ions?

Answer 8

1) Diffusion - high concentration to low concentration - equal quantity
2) Electrostatic pressure - Likes repel and Opposites attract.

Question 9

What effect does diffusion and electrostatic pressure have on ion distribution?

Answer 9

Sodium potassium pump keeps positive sodium out of active processes.
Active process Na+ ions out of neuron and K+ in.
Three Na+ for every two K+
Require energy provided by ATP.

Question 10

What is resting potential when forces balance?

Answer 10

70mV

Question 11

What happens when there is high concentration of Na+ outside the cell?

Answer 11

Both forces push in.

Question 12

What does the membrane and pump do in response?

Answer 12

Resists Na+ inward movement

Question 13

K+ and Cl- can move backward and forward across the membrane until they reach …

Answer 13

steady state determined by opposing forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure.

Question 14

What happens to the sodium that leaks back in?

Answer 14

It is expelled by the pump. Information is then moved around the brain and body

Question 15

Changing the membrane potential of postsynaptic potentials can induce

Answer 15

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question 16

What is a EPSP

Answer 16

Depolarization occurs and response stimulatory

Depolarization might reach threshold producing an action potential and cell response.

Question 17

What is an IPSP

Answer 17

Hyperpolarization and response inhibitory

Decrease action potentials by moving membrane potential farther from threshold.

Question 18

What is spatial and temporal summation?

Answer 18

At any given moment, a neuron may receive postsynaptic potentials from thousands of other neurons. Whether threshold is reached, and an action potential generated, depends upon the spatial (i.e. from multiple neurons) and temporal (from a single neuron) summation of all inputs at that moment.

Question 19

Describe the Action Potential

Answer 19

Threshold generate an action potential and axon requires a stimulus of a certain minimum strength
All or none each action potential has the same amplitude independently from the strength of the stimulus
Refractory period second action potential cannot occur during this period

Question 20

Propagation of the action potential…

Answer 20

but depolarization is slow process sped up by myelin speeds up axonal conduction

Question 21

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 21

Information processing - synaptic transmission has five processes:
1 Manufacture
2 Storage
3 Release
4 Receptor Activation
5 Inactivation and reuptake

Question 22

Common neurotransmitters are…

Answer 22

Fast neurotransmitters - short lasting effects 
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Glutamate (GLu)
- Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Neuromodulators - 
- Dopamine (DA)
- Noradrenalin (NA)
- Serotonin (5HT)