Depression Flashcards
What is depression?
Cognitive - Difficulty with concentration or making decisions.
Behavioural - Social withdrawal and agitation
Somatic - Insomnia or hypersomnia
Affective - depressed mood and feeling worthless or guilt.
What are the symptoms of depression?
Lack of motivation
Sleep problems
Low mood
What are the causes of depression?
Negative life events
Hormones/Neurotransmitters
Lack of sun - seasonal defective disorder
How do you measure depression?
Behavioural symptoms
Lack of appetite
Depression - Anxiety scale
How to treat depression?
Medication (anti-depressant)
CBT - cognitions rationalize negative beliefs
Diaries of negative thoughts and monitor them.
What are the subtypes of depression?
Reactive depression - triggered by a negative experience
Endogenous depression - No apparent negative life event
Unipolar defective disorder - Depression - 6% of population
Bipolar defective disorder - depression with periods of mania- 1% of population
What is the concordance rate for monozygotic twins and depression? Who share 100% genetic variation
60%
What is the concordance rate for dizygotic twins who share 50% genetic variation?
15% concordance rate for depression
What did Brown 1993 do?
How many people with depression compared with control would be affected by severe stress in the previous year. 84% in depressed condition and 32% in control condition.
What is the diathesis stress model?
attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.
Name the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and a brief backstory
Ipronizad - developed to treat tb but didn’t work. But felt less depressed about having tb.
What does the monoamine oxidise enzyme do?
Breaks down monoamine neurotransmitter therefore inhibit this enzymes leaves monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain.
Name the types of monoamine
monoamine -> Catecholamine -> Dopamine,
I epinephrine,norepinephrine
Indolamines
I
Serotonin
What are other names fro epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Epinephrine- Adrenal
Norepinephrine - Noradrenaline
Where doe seretonergic neurons live?
In the raphe nucleus at the bottom of the brain.
What are the noradrenergic projections?
Dorsal projections
Ventral Projections
What the name of the synapse at the monoamine?
Monoamine synapse.
What lies in the presynaptic terminal?
Cell body
What other terminal is there other than the presynaptic?
Postsynaptic terminal
Describe the process of the monoamine inhibitors
Action potential comes down- Neurotransmitter lives in the round vesicles - action potential causes vesicles to dock with the cell membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter goes across and binds to post-synaptic receptors where it will elicit it effects. Neurotransmitter in the synapse needs to get broken down and hovered back up into to the synaptic cleft before they get broken down. Monoamine oxidase breaks down monoamine oxidase neurotransmitter. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor blocks the monoamine oxidase and leaves more neurotransmitter hanging around and float back out into the synaptic cleft and leave more neurotransmitter.
What is the function of monamine oxidase inhibitors?
An enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters. Stop it working. More transmitter is neuron so it can be released. Contain Tyramine broken down by MAO in liver but when MAO is inhibited have to monitor diet to not have too much tyramine can cause high blood pressure.
Name tricyclic antidepressants and what it does?
Imipramine - Includes a three ring chain norepinephrine or serotonin synapse. Tricyclic antidepressants bloc reuptake and therefore leaves more neurotransmitter at the synapse.
What drug effects serotonin synapse only? And how?
Prozac - blocks reuptake and therefore leaves more transmitter at the synapse (Nicknamed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Ectasy (MDMA) blocks reuptake and also reverses reuptake transporter (lots of serotonin in synapse)
Monoamine theory of depression is..
Antidepressants act on monoamines. Hypothesis- Depression is actually caused by deficits in monoamine neurotransmission
Some evidence of elicited receptors in depressed patients ( to compensated for low levels of transmission)
Anti-depressant medication and CT have..
similar effects after 8 and 16 weeks.
