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Neurology- Week 1 > Introduction to Neurones, Nerve Conduction and Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Introduction to Neurones, Nerve Conduction and Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What is the soma?

A

The cell body

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2
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

It is the metabolic area, it interprets the excitatory and inhibitory signals to produce a net signal.

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3
Q

Which organelles does the soma contain?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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4
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

The receive input from other neurones and convey graded l electrical signals passively to the soma

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

The site of initiation of all or none action potential

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6
Q

Why is the axon hillock area highly excitable?

A

It contains a high concentration of voltage gated sodium channels

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7
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Conducts output signals (Action potentials) to other neurones or cells and mediates transport of materials between soma and presynaptic terminal.

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8
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A point of chemical communication between neurones.

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9
Q

Neurones can be classified by shape, name them (4)

A

Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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10
Q

What is the difference between Golgi 1 and 2 axons

A

Golgi 1- Long

Golgi 2- Short

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11
Q

Describe action potential generation

A 
Depolarisation
Threshold reached (~-60mV)
Voltage activated Na channels open
Na influx
Depolarisation of cell
Voltage activated K channels open
K efflux 
Repolarisation
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12
Q

Why can passive signals not be transmitted for long distances?

A

The nerve cell membrane is leaky, and hence some of the current is lost across this (Leaky hose analogy)

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13
Q

What is the length constant?

A

The distance it takes for voltage to reach 37% of its original value (Denoted Lambda)

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14
Q

How does a passive neuronal signal diminish with distance

A

Exponentially

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15
Q

Which 2 factors are distance travelled by current determined by?

A

Resistance of the membrane

Axial resistance of axoplasm

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16
Q

How are length constant and current distance related?

A

The longer the length constant, the greater the distance spread

17
Q

What is the water pipe analogy?

A

The greater the diameter of an axon, the less the internal resistance and the faster a signal can be conducted.

18
Q

How is conduction distance increased in the human body?

A

Myelin sheath
Increases membrane resistance and therefore conduction loss
Increases length constant
Further transmission

19
Q

Where are Schwann cells found and how do they wrap around axon?

A

PNS- Several layers wrap around axon

20
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found and how do they wrap around axons?

A

CNS- One wraps around many axons

21
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Current jumps from one excited node of ranvier to the next, as opposed to a continuous flow.

22
Q

Synapses are classed morpholigcally, name them from most to least common (3)

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

23
Q

What is the most frequent excitatory transmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

24
Q

What are the most frequent inhibitory transmitters in the CNS?

A

GABAa

Glycine

25
Q

How does glutamate work?

A

Activates postsynaptic, cation selective, ionotropic receptore–> depolarisation + excitatory response

26
Q

How do GABAa and Glycine work

A

Activates postsynaptic anion selective ionotropic receptors–>hyperpolarisation + inhibitory response

27
Q

Describe spatial summation

A

Many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine it’s output

28
Q

Describe temporal summation

A

A single input modulates output by variation in action potential frequency of that input

29
Q

All transmitters can activate metabotropic GPC receptors except 1, which is it?

A

Glycine

30
Q

Which transmitters activate Ionotropic ligand gated receptors

A 
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
5HT
Acetylcholine

Neurology- Week 1 (9 decks)

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