Introduction To Neurology Flashcards
What is a stroke?
A cerebrovascular event
What is neurology?
Management of diseases of the nervous system
Where does the word neurology come from?
Greek neuron = nerve
Neurology is a multidisciplinary approach with emphasis on what?
Diagnosis, counselling and prognosis, pharmacological management
What neurological diseases commonly impair communication?
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Stroke
• Dementia
• MND
• MS
• PD
• Huntingdon’s Disease
What are the 5 sections of the brain?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Cerebellum
Where does the CNS begin and end?
Begins in the brain
Ends in the Spinal Cord
What does the brain =?
Encephalon
What does the cerebrum contain?
Cerebral hemispheres
Basal ganglia
Limbic lobe
What connects the cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What are the stations in the brain?c
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
What are efferent spinal nerves?
Nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses away from CNS
What do mother fibres do?
go to muscles and make them contract
What are afferent spinal nerves?
nerve fibres that carry information to CNS including sensations of touch, pain, temperature etc.
What do large lesions impair?
Motor and sensory functions
What are the twelve cranial nerves?
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
What cranial nerves are important for speech?
Trigeminal Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal accessory Hypoglossal
Is trigeminal nerve motor or sensory?
Both
What is the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve?
roots attached to pons. Sensory nerves branch to forehead, eyes, nose, maxilla, cheeks, palate, tongue, teeth, lips
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
responsible for mastication and sensation to face, teeth, gums, parts of tongue. Flattens and tenses soft palate
How do you test the trigeminal nerve?
Jaw movements, biting hard, push jaw against hand
Is the facial nerve motor or sensory?
Both
What is the anatomy of the facial nerve?
taste fibres of tongue and palate. Motor passes through ear (stapes) . Lower and upper face.
What is the function of the facial nerve?
movements of facial expression, wrinkling forehead, closing eyes/lips. Pulls larynx up and down. Some involvement in taste.
How do you test the facial nerve?
Wrinkle forehead, close eyes tight, mouth movements
Is the vestibulocochlear nerve motor or sensory?
Sensory
What is the anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
located in cochlear
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
takes information from inner ear to nervous system
How do you test the vestibulocochlear nerve?
usually audiologist, may notice dizzyness
Is the glossopharyngeal nerve motor or sensory?
Both
What is the anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
from both hemispheres
to pharynx & larynx
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
raises pharynx & larynx (swallowing), triggers swallowing response (& gag).
How do you test the glossopharyngeal nerve?
test pharyngeal gag (though hard to reach without touching anything else)
What is the anatomy of the vagus nerve?
branches to larynx & pharynx
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
heart, moves instrinsic muscles of larynx. Pain from larynx, pharynx, ear canal
How do you test the vagus nerve?
Maximum phonation time. Movement of pharynx (not gag though)
Is the accessory nerve motor or sensory?
Motor
What is the anatomy of the accessory nerve?
connects to uvular and neck
What is the function of the accessory nerve?
move head – rotate, thrust head (sternocleidomastoid muscle)
How do you test the accessory nerve?
look at sternocleidomastoid, get client to move head
Is the hypoglossal nerve motor or sensory?
Motor
What is the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve?
runs under tongue, branches to
larynx
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
tongue movement, contributes to phonation
How do you test the hypoglossal nerve?
look at tongue, protrude tongue
What does the olfactory nerve do?
Smell
What does the optic nerve do?
Vision, afferent pathway
What does the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens do?
Eye movements
What does trigeminal do?
Facial sensation and muscles of mastication
What does the facial nerve do?
Facial movement and taste
What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?
Hearing and balance
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
Swallow, taste and sensation in pharynx
What does the vagus nerve do?
Swallow and voice
What does the accessory nerve do?
Supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
What does the hypoglossal nerve do?
Motor innervation to tongue
What are Diagnostic Imagine Techniques?
Blood tests
Computerised Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Electro-Encephalography (EEG)
Electromyography (EMG)
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
Lumbar Puncture
What does EMG do?
Records electrical activity of motor units
Evaluates muscle disorders, neuromuscular
junction disorders
What does NCS do?
Measures
responses in sensory nerves after stimulation
muscle action potential after motor nerve stimulation
Evaluates peripheral nerve damage
What is lumbar puncture useful in?
Useful in the diagnosis of infective and inflammatory conditions e.g. MS and meningitis
