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Neurology > Epilespy Migraine And Mulitple Sclerosis > Flashcards

Epilespy Migraine And Mulitple Sclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are paroxysmal disorders also known as?

A

Episodic disorders

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2
Q

What are paroxysmal disorders?

A

•Disorders where the nervous systems functions normally between attacks

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3
Q

What do paroxysmal disorders include?c

A

seizures, headaches, fainting

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4
Q

paroxysmal disorders have strong —– ——?

A

Generic components

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5
Q

What can paroxysmal disorders be triggered by?

A

Stress, fatigue and some dietary factors

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6
Q

What is a seizure?

A

–A paroxysmal hyper-synchronous abnormal activity of neurons (detected using EEG)
–Sudden and transient interruption of brain function due to disruption of electrochemical processes in transmitting information from one nerve cell to another.

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7
Q

What are the common causes of seizures?

A
  • Cryptogenic (~70%)

* Vascular disease of brain (15%)

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8
Q

What are the less common causes of seizures?

A
  • Head trauma
  • Infections
  • Alcohol
  • Medication
  • Drug misuse
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9
Q

What are the two classifications of Seizures?

A

1) Partial or focal seizures

2) Generalised seizures (Grand Mal)

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10
Q

What fraction of seizures are focal seizures?

A

2/3

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11
Q

What are the two types of focal seizures?

A
  • Simple (conciousness preserved)

* Complex (altered conciousness)

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12
Q

Where do focal seizures start?

A 
•Start in a part of the brain
–Temporal lobe
–Frontal lobe
–Occipital lobe
–Parietal lobe
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13
Q

What are the signs of focal seizures starting in the temporal lobe?

A 
•Epigastric aura
–Nausea
–Rising epigastric sensation
•Fear
•Déjà vu
•Staring, unresponsive
•Ictal/post-ictal speech
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14
Q

What are the signs of focal seizures starting in the frontal lobe?

A
  • Sudden, short, rapid recovery
  • Sleep related
  • Multiple events each night
  • Kicking, thrashing
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15
Q

What are the signs of focal seizures starting in the occipital lobe?

A
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Visual field defects
  • Ictal blindness
  • Eye deviation
  • Head deviation
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16
Q

What are the sign of focal seizures starting in the parietal lobe?

A
  • Rare
  • Somatosensory aura
  • Contralateral numbness/tingling
  • Vertigo
  • Speech disturbance can occur
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17
Q

What do primary generalised seizures do?

A

•Distorts electrical activity of whole or larger portion of brain

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18
Q

What is tonic-clonic?

A 
–No aura
–Tonic phase
•Stiffens, cries, breathing, cyanosis, incontinence
–Clonic phase
•Rhythmic generalised jerking
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19
Q

What is the post-ictal phase?

A

–Confusion

–Automatic behaviour

20
Q

What questions do you ask when deciding what type of seizure it is?

A 
–How does it start?
–How does it evolve?
–Consciousness lost or not?
–How long does it last?
–How does it stop?
–What happens afterwards?
–How long does it take to return to normal?
21
Q

Why would an EEG be carried out?

A 
–To help support diagnosis
–Can be normal in epilepsy (60-70%)
–Indicated in
•Primary generalised epilepsy
•Syndrome classification
22
Q

What type of investigations will be carried out for epilepsy?

A

EEG and MRI

23
Q

What conditions mimic epilepsy?

A
  • Sleep disorders
  • Hyperventilation
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Migraine
  • Panic attacks
  • Syncope (fainting)
24
Q

What is the most common type of headache disorder?

A

Migraine

25
Q

What is migraine also known as?

A

•Paroxysmal headache disorder

26
Q

What do migraines vary in?

A

frequency, intensity, duration, pattern of associated symptoms, and degree of disability

27
Q

Can speech be affected by migraines?

A

Yes

28
Q

What can trigger a migraine?

A
  • Anything!
  • Sleep patterns
  • Foods
  • Smells
  • Stress
29
Q

What are the 4 types of migraine?

A
  • Migraine without aura
  • Migraine with aura
  • Migraine aura without headache

•Chronic migraine

30
Q

What is a chronic migraine?

A

–Headaches on at least 15 days a month with at least 8 days on which symptoms meet criteria for migraine

31
Q

What is MS?

A
  • Complex autoimmune disease
  • Life-long condition
  • Repeated episodes of inflammation of nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord, causing loss of insulating myelin sheath
  • Multiple areas of scar tissue - sclerosis
  • Slows or blocks transmission of signals to and from brain and spinal cord impairs movement and sensation
32
Q

What is relapsing-remitting MS?

A

•Relapsing-remitting MS: periods of good health or remission followed by sudden symptoms or relapses

33
Q

What is secondary progressive MS?

A
  • Secondary progressive MS: follows on from relapsing-remitting MS; gradually more/worsening symptoms with fewer remissions
  • About 50% of those with relapsing-remitting MS develop secondary progressive MS during first 10 years of illness
34
Q

What are the signs of benign multiple sclerosis?

A

No disability, return to normal between attacks

35
Q

What are the signs of relapsing + remitting MS?

A

Never new disability between attacks

36
Q

What are the signs of secondary progressive MS?

A

No new disability between attacks followed by steady increase in disability

37
Q

What are the signs of primary progression MS?

A

Steady increase in disability without attacks

38
Q

What effect can ms have on visual presentation?

A

–usually due to demyelination of optic nerve  can cause blindness or hemianopia
–Optic neuritis: acute, sometimes painful, reduction or loss of vision in one eye
–Eye movements (nystagmus) double vision

39
Q

What affect can MS have on facial weekends?

A

–Bell’s palsy
–trigeminal neuralgia, paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia
–other paroxysmal symptoms: bursts of pain or paraesthesia, itching, cough, hiccup, painful spasm and gaze palsies

40
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of MS?

A

Visual and auditory attention problems, memory loss

41
Q

What are psychological symptoms of MS?

A

Depression

42
Q

What are some unpleasant sensations caused by MS?

A

–Tightness, burning, twisting, tearing and pulling sensations
–Loss of thermal and pain sensation

43
Q

What what is paraethesia and numbness caused by MS?

A

–Loss of sensation in arms and legs

–Altered sphincter function

44
Q

What is the diagnostic process of MS?

A

No single specific diagnostic test available based on:
•Neurological examination
•MRI of brain and spinal cord
•Visual Evoked Potential Test
•Lumbar Puncture to test cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

What is the cure for MS?

A

Currently no cure for MS, but a number of treatments can help control condition

46
Q

What are the treatments and what do they depend on?

A
  1. Treating relapses of MS symptoms
  2. Treatment to reduce the number of relapses
  3. Treating specific MS symptoms

Neurology (8 decks)

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