Introduction to Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia
new growth. Disorder of cell growth triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
- autonomous
- escape from normal restraints on cell proliferation
-a genetic disease
4 Characteristics of Benign neoplasm
- localized
- incapable of invasion of surrounding tissue
- incapable of metastasis:
- ->travel to somewhere entirely disconnected - Good clinical behavior/prognosis
Malignant Neoplasm
Cancer.
- Capable of invasion into surrounding tissue
- Capable of metastasis
- Bad/good clinical behavior/prognosis
Effects of Cancer
- Invasion
- Functional Activity
- -> i.e. endocrine cancer = increased - Bleeding and secondary infections
- Rupture or Infarction
- Cachexia
- -> cytokine mediated effect
- ->Loss of muscle mass/anorexic
Tumor Markers
Biochemical products produced by tumor cells that can be screened
Well differentiated vs. Poorly differentiated
well = cancer still resembles orginal tissue it came from
poorly differentiaed = not similar to original tissue
Well differentiated vs. Poorly differentiated
well = cancer still resembles orginal tissue it came from
poorly differentiaed = not similar to original tissue
Grading:
histology of cell–> how differentiated
Staging:
T
N
M
multi-modality determination of extent of spread of malignant neoplasm
T: characteristics of
Tumor
N: characteristic of regional lymph nodes
M: Distance of malignancy
Transformation
NONLETHAL mutations in CRITICAL genes that confer SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE
8 Hallmarks of Cancer
- Sustaining proliferation (oncogenes –> gain of function)
- evading growth suppressors
(Inactivating tumor suppressor genes –> loss of function) - Resisting Cell death
- Enabling replicative immortality
( -escaping senescence–> p53 and p16
-escaping mitotic crisis–> reactivating telomerase) - inducing angiogenesis
- activating invasion and metastasis
- deregulating cellular energetics
- Avoiding immune destruction
Changing structure of Oncogenes causes what kind of mutation?
Gain of function. ONLY ONE GENE HAS TO BE ABNORMAL.
- abnormal gene product and abnormal function
- change in regulation of gene expression
Cancer occurs via what kind of mutations in Gatekeeper genes
Loss of function. Both alleles must become defective OR gene product has to be inhibitied
–>caused by deletions, reduplication of a chromosome, Mitotic recombination, methylation of promotor
What Metabolic alterations change in cancer cells?
- shift towards aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)
- -> decreased amount of ATP
- -> increased glucose uptake (PET SCAN)
- -> caused by no-regulation of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes
