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Atoms to volcanoes - 33739 > Introduction to minerals- Jon Carey 27/09/23 > Flashcards

Introduction to minerals- Jon Carey 27/09/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What can atoms be thought of as?

A

a rigid sphere 1 Angstrom in diameter

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2
Q

What is the scale for an angstrom?

A

10*-10m

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2
Q

What is the symbol for an angstrom?

A

An A with a circle on top

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3
Q

What is the structure of an atom like?

A

centre is the nucleus (most atomic mass)
surrounded by a cloud of electrons

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4
Q

What 2 sub atomic particles can you find in the nucleus?

A

Protons (+ charge)
Neutrons (no charge)

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5
Q

What was an experiment that proved the nucleus had protons (positive particles in)?

A

Rutherford gold foil experiment

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6
Q

How did the Rutherford gold foil experiment show protons were in the nucleus?

A

some alpha particles were deflected as they are positive so deflected by positive charge

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7
Q

What else besides protons was shown in the Rutherford gold foil experiment?

A

Most of the atom is empty space as most alpha particles went straight through

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8
Q

Do atoms have a charge?

A

No electrically neutral as same amount of protons and electrons

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9
Q

What is atomic number (Z) an indicator of?

A

Number of protons

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10
Q

How do you find atomic mass (A)?

A

Protons+ neutrons

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11
Q

What will an isotopes A and Z be?

A

All the isotopes of an element have same Z but different A

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12
Q

What are the chemical characteristics of elements mainly determined by?

A

number of protons

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13
Q

What is the definition of a isotope?

A

same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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14
Q

What is an example of isotopes?

A

carbon 12,13,14

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15
Q

How many groups are on the periodic table?

A

18

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16
Q

How many periods are there on the periodic table?

A

7

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17
Q

What are all the different parts if the periodic table?

A

Non-metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Metaloids
Halogens
Noble gases
Poor metals
Lanthanides
Actinides

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18
Q

What dictates what group on the periodic table an element will be in?

A

Number of electrons in its outer shell

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19
Q

What do the periods on the periodic table show?

A

The number of electron shells used

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20
Q

What is an ion?

A

any atom or group of atoms carrying either a net negative or a net positive charge

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21
Q

What is a cation?

A

an ion with a positive charge (lost electron)

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22
Q

What is an anion?

A

an ion that has a negative charge (gained electron)

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23
Q

What does OILRIG stand for?

A

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain
(of electrons)

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24
Q

What is an example of oxidation?

A

Rusting

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25
Q

Will metals usually gain or lose electrons?

A

lose (become + charge)

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26
Q

Will non-metals usually gain or lose electrons?

A

gain (- charge)

27
Q

What is valency?

A

the charge on an ion

28
Q

Are all compounds composed of ions?

A

No some with covalent bonding forming molecules (organic compounds)

29
Q

What do ionic bonds form?

A

crystals containing millions of ions arranged in a regular structure based on a unit cell

30
Q

what are some examples of ionic formulea?

A

NaCl
MgO

31
Q

What are some examples of covalent formulae?

A

N2
Cl2
SO2

32
Q

What does structural formal show?

A

shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

33
Q

How are structural formula shown?

A

All bonds are lines (each line shared electron)

34
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Full outer electron shell (as in the Nobel gases) is a particularly stable configuration and is referred to as a stable

35
Q

What is first ionisation energy?

A

he energy required to remove one electron from an atom of a given element

36
Q

When is first ionisation energy largest?

A

elements with a full outer shell (noble gases)

37
Q

What will elements do to try and achieve a stable octet?

A

transferring or sharing electrons
with other atoms

38
Q

What does the transfer or sharing of electrons lead to the formation of?

A

Chemical bonds

39
Q

Is the octet rule obeyed if a bond creates a full outer shell of 8?

A

Yes

40
Q

What happens during ionic bonding?

A

electrons are transferred

41
Q

How does ionic bonding process go? (magnesium and chlorine)

A

Mg loses 2 electrons and transfers them to Cl attraction occurs between newly created ions

42
Q

What do positive and negative ions do?

A

attract

43
Q

What do the electrostatic forces hold ions together to form?

A

Lattice
Crystal

44
Q

How could you describe an ionic lattice?

A

an infinite array

45
Q

What is the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds like?

A

high

46
Q

Why is the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds so high?

A

strong electrostatic forces hold ions in rigid solid lattice

47
Q

Are ionic compounds charged?

A

they are neutral as cations and anions cancel each other

48
Q

What do atoms in group 1-3 of the periodic table do with electrons?

A

lose electrons to form ions with the electronic configuration of the previous noble gas

49
Q

What do atoms in group 5-7 of the periodic table do with electrons?

A

gain electrons to form ions with the electronic configuration of the next noble gas

50
Q

What is closest packing ionic bonding?

A

If spheres of equal size are packed together as closely as possible in a plane, each sphere is in contact with six others

51
Q

What will closest packing be like with a second layer?

A

each sphere in second layer in contact with 3 from the first

52
Q

What 2 ways can the third layer of closest packing be arranged?

A

hexagonal close packing
cubic close packing

53
Q

What is hexagonal close packing?

A

The third layer lies directly
above the spheres in the first layer

54
Q

What is cubic close packing?

A

The third layer is offset from the
first layer.

55
Q

What is the coordination number of an atom or ion?

A

the number of neighbours nearest to it

56
Q

What is the cubic close packing coordination number?

A

12

57
Q

What does packing describe the structure of?

A

metals and many ionic crystals

58
Q

How are the anions arranged in simple ionic structures?

A

normally larger than the cations,
are usually arranged in a close packed array

59
Q

What are the spaces between anions called?

A

holes

60
Q

What can the holes in-between anions be filled with?

A

smaller cations

61
Q

What is a tetrahedral hole?

A

formed by a cation in the space between 4 anions

62
Q

What is an octahedral hole?

A

formed when smaller cation is surrounded by 6 anions

63
Q

What are the most important elemental group in earths crust?

A

the silicate group

64
Q

What is the structure of silicate minerals?

A

They are built around the Silica
Tetrahedron - four oxygens
surrounding a silicon ion

65
Q

What forms when silicate tetrahedra combine?

A

framework of silicates

66
Q

What do different combinations of silicate frameworks produce?

A

different structures

Atoms to volcanoes - 33739 (16 decks)

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