Introduction to minerals- Jon Carey 27/09/23

Question 1

What can atoms be thought of as?

Answer 1

a rigid sphere 1 Angstrom in diameter

Question 2

What is the scale for an angstrom?

Answer 2

10*-10m

Question 2

What is the symbol for an angstrom?

Answer 2

An A with a circle on top

Question 3

What is the structure of an atom like?

Answer 3

centre is the nucleus (most atomic mass)
surrounded by a cloud of electrons

Question 4

What 2 sub atomic particles can you find in the nucleus?

Answer 4

Protons (+ charge)
Neutrons (no charge)

Question 5

What was an experiment that proved the nucleus had protons (positive particles in)?

Answer 5

Rutherford gold foil experiment

Question 6

How did the Rutherford gold foil experiment show protons were in the nucleus?

Answer 6

some alpha particles were deflected as they are positive so deflected by positive charge

Question 7

What else besides protons was shown in the Rutherford gold foil experiment?

Answer 7

Most of the atom is empty space as most alpha particles went straight through

Question 8

Do atoms have a charge?

Answer 8

No electrically neutral as same amount of protons and electrons

Question 9

What is atomic number (Z) an indicator of?

Answer 9

Number of protons

Question 10

How do you find atomic mass (A)?

Answer 10

Protons+ neutrons

Question 11

What will an isotopes A and Z be?

Answer 11

All the isotopes of an element have same Z but different A

Question 12

What are the chemical characteristics of elements mainly determined by?

Answer 12

number of protons

Question 13

What is the definition of a isotope?

Answer 13

same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 14

What is an example of isotopes?

Answer 14

carbon 12,13,14

Question 15

How many groups are on the periodic table?

Answer 15

18

Question 16

How many periods are there on the periodic table?

Answer 16

7

Question 17

What are all the different parts if the periodic table?

Answer 17

Non-metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Metaloids
Halogens
Noble gases
Poor metals
Lanthanides
Actinides

Question 18

What dictates what group on the periodic table an element will be in?

Answer 18

Number of electrons in its outer shell

Question 19

What do the periods on the periodic table show?

Answer 19

The number of electron shells used

Question 20

What is an ion?

Answer 20

any atom or group of atoms carrying either a net negative or a net positive charge

Question 21

What is a cation?

Answer 21

an ion with a positive charge (lost electron)

Question 22

What is an anion?

Answer 22

an ion that has a negative charge (gained electron)

Question 23

What does OILRIG stand for?

Answer 23

Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain
(of electrons)

Question 24

What is an example of oxidation?

Answer 24

Rusting

Question 25

Will metals usually gain or lose electrons?

Answer 25

lose (become + charge)

Question 26

Will non-metals usually gain or lose electrons?

Answer 26

gain (- charge)

Question 27

What is valency?

Answer 27

the charge on an ion

Question 28

Are all compounds composed of ions?

Answer 28

No some with covalent bonding forming molecules (organic compounds)

Question 29

What do ionic bonds form?

Answer 29

crystals containing millions of ions arranged in a regular structure based on a unit cell

Question 30

what are some examples of ionic formulea?

Answer 30

NaCl MgO

Question 31

What are some examples of covalent formulae?

Answer 31

N2 Cl2 SO2

Question 32

What does structural formal show?

Answer 32

shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 33

How are structural formula shown?

Answer 33

All bonds are lines (each line shared electron)

Question 34

What is the octet rule?

Answer 34

Full outer electron shell (as in the Nobel gases) is a particularly stable configuration and is referred to as a stable

Question 35

What is first ionisation energy?

Answer 35

he energy required to remove one electron from an atom of a given element

Question 36

When is first ionisation energy largest?

Answer 36

elements with a full outer shell (noble gases)

Question 37

What will elements do to try and achieve a stable octet?

Answer 37

transferring or sharing electrons with other atoms

Question 38

What does the transfer or sharing of electrons lead to the formation of?

Answer 38

Chemical bonds

Question 39

Is the octet rule obeyed if a bond creates a full outer shell of 8?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What happens during ionic bonding?

Answer 40

electrons are transferred

Question 41

How does ionic bonding process go? (magnesium and chlorine)

Answer 41

Mg loses 2 electrons and transfers them to Cl attraction occurs between newly created ions

Question 42

What do positive and negative ions do?

Answer 42

attract

Question 43

What do the electrostatic forces hold ions together to form?

Answer 43

Lattice Crystal

Question 44

How could you describe an ionic lattice?

Answer 44

an infinite array

Question 45

What is the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds like?

Answer 45

high

Question 46

Why is the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds so high?

Answer 46

strong electrostatic forces hold ions in rigid solid lattice

Question 47

Are ionic compounds charged?

Answer 47

they are neutral as cations and anions cancel each other

Question 48

What do atoms in group 1-3 of the periodic table do with electrons?

Answer 48

lose electrons to form ions with the electronic configuration of the previous noble gas

Question 49

What do atoms in group 5-7 of the periodic table do with electrons?

Answer 49

gain electrons to form ions with the electronic configuration of the next noble gas

Question 50

What is closest packing ionic bonding?

Answer 50

If spheres of equal size are packed together as closely as possible in a plane, each sphere is in contact with six others

Question 51

What will closest packing be like with a second layer?

Answer 51

each sphere in second layer in contact with 3 from the first

Question 52

What 2 ways can the third layer of closest packing be arranged?

Answer 52

hexagonal close packing cubic close packing

Question 53

What is hexagonal close packing?

Answer 53

The third layer lies directly above the spheres in the first layer

Question 54

What is cubic close packing?

Answer 54

The third layer is offset from the first layer.

Question 55

What is the coordination number of an atom or ion?

Answer 55

the number of neighbours nearest to it

Question 56

What is the cubic close packing coordination number?

Answer 56

12

Question 57

What does packing describe the structure of?

Answer 57

metals and many ionic crystals

Question 58

How are the anions arranged in simple ionic structures?

Answer 58

normally larger than the cations, are usually arranged in a close packed array

Question 59

What are the spaces between anions called?

Answer 59

holes

Question 60

What can the holes in-between anions be filled with?

Answer 60

smaller cations

Question 61

What is a tetrahedral hole?

Answer 61

formed by a cation in the space between 4 anions

Question 62

What is an octahedral hole?

Answer 62

formed when smaller cation is surrounded by 6 anions

Question 63

What are the most important elemental group in earths crust?

Answer 63

the silicate group

Question 64

What is the structure of silicate minerals?

Answer 64

They are built around the Silica Tetrahedron - four oxygens surrounding a silicon ion

Question 65

What forms when silicate tetrahedra combine?

Answer 65

framework of silicates

Question 66

What do different combinations of silicate frameworks produce?

Answer 66

different structures