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Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 > Introduction to Microbiology, History > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology, History Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

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2
Q

What are the three reasons to study microbiology?

A
  1. Ubiquitos 2. Harmful effects 3. Beneficial effects
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3
Q

What does ubiquitous mean in terms of microbio?

A

The microorganisms are found everywhere

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4
Q

What are the three beneficial effects of Microbiology?

A

Maintain ecological balance, aid in human digestion and vitamin synthesis, and commercial applications

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5
Q

What are the 3 ways microorganisms maintain ecological balance?

A
  1. basis of food chain 2. photosynthesis, provide oxygen 3. Decomposers, recycle nutrients
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6
Q

What are the four ways microorganisms are used in commercial applications?

A
  1. food and beverage 2. antibiotics 3. vaccines 4. genetic engineering
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7
Q

What are examples of how microorganisms are used in food and beverage production?

A

pickles, sauerkraut, soy sauce, yogurt, bread, alcohol

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8
Q

What are the three reasons microorganisms can be harmful?

A

Pathogenic, food spoilage, breakdown/ damage useful materials.

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9
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming of organisms

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10
Q

Who established the nomenclature for microorganisms and in what year?

A

Carolus Linnaeus, 1735

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11
Q

How are microorganisms named?

A

Binomial. first word is the genus Capitalized and underlined and second word is the scientific epithet which is lower case and underlined

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12
Q

What are the three types of microorganisms?

A

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Acellular forms

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13
Q

What do prokaryotes lack?

A

a nucleus

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14
Q

What are bacteria and arches classified as?

A

prokaryotes

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15
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A

Unicellular, prokaryote (lacks a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles)

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16
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci, Bacillus, and Spiral

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17
Q

What shape is cocci?

A

Circular shaped

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18
Q

What shape is bacillus?

A

rods

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19
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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20
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

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21
Q

What is binary fission?

A

dividing into two equal cells

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22
Q

What are the three ways bacteria get nutrition?

A

Heterotrophic, autotrophic and saprophytic

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23
Q

What does the heterotrophic way of getting nutrition require?

A

organic carbon source (most)

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24
Q

What does the saprocryptic way of getting nutrients require?

A

it uses dead, organic matter

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25
Q

What is the size of bacteria?

A

micrometers

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26
Q

What does the autotrophic way of getting nutrients require?

A

carbon dioxide (some)

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27
Q

What is the structure of archaea?

A

unicellular, prokaryote and the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan

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28
Q

What are the three main groups of archaea?

A

Methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles

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29
Q

What waste product is created from methanogens?

A

methane

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30
Q

Where do extreme halophiles live?

A

Extremely salty conditions

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31
Q

Where do extreme thermophiles live?

A

Extremely hot environments

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32
Q

How do archaea get nutrients?

A

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

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33
Q

What size are archaea?

A

micrometers

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34
Q

What is an example of archaea?

A

Halobacterium salinarum

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35
Q

What are the four eukaryotes?

A

fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths

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36
Q

Is yeast unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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37
Q

Is mold unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular

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38
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

chitin

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39
Q

What is the shape of yeast?

A

ovoid

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40
Q

What is the shape of mold?

A

filaments hyphae

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41
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

asexually or sexually

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42
Q

How does fungus get nutrition?

A

heterotrophic

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43
Q

What is the size of fungi?

A

micrometers to millimeters

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44
Q

What are two examples of fungi?

A

Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans

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45
Q

What is the structure of Algae?

A

unicellular or mulitcellular, eukaryote

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46
Q

What kind of microorganism is yeast?

A

eukaryote

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47
Q

What is the cell wall of algae made of?

A

cellulose

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48
Q

What additional structure is found in algae? What is it for?

A

chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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49
Q

How does algae reproduce?

A

asexually or sexually

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50
Q

How does algae get nutrition?

A

Autotrophic and photoautotrophic

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51
Q

What does photoautotrophic nutrition require?

A

light, water and carbon dioxide

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52
Q

What is the size range of algae?

A

micrometers to millimeters

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53
Q

What is an example of algae?

A

Volvox aureus

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54
Q

What is the structure of protozoa?

A

Unicellular, eukaryote

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55
Q

What is the cell wall of protozoa made of?

A

There is no cell wall

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56
Q

What additional structures are found on protozoa?

A

pseudopods, flagella or cilia for motility

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57
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

asexually or sexually

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58
Q

How do protozoa get nutrition?

A

Heterotrophic

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59
Q

What size are protozoa?

A

micrometers

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60
Q

What are two examples of protozoa?

A

Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium falciparum

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61
Q

What is the structure of Helminths?

A

Mulitcellular (round and flat worms), eukaryote

62
Q

What is the cell wall of helminths?

A

They do not have a cell wall

63
Q

How do helminths reproduce?

A

Asexual and sexual

64
Q

What does dioecious mean?

A

Male/ female reproduction

65
Q

What does hermaphroditic mean?

A

something has both male and female parts

66
Q

How do helminths get nutrition?

A

Heterotrophic

67
Q

What is the size of helminths?

A

macroscopic, microscopic at certain stages of life

68
Q

What are two examples of helminths?

A

Taenia sodium, Etnerobius vermicularis

69
Q

What are the three acellular forms?

A

Viruses, viroids and prions

70
Q

What is the structure of viruses?

A

acellular, Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA), capsid (protein coat), envelope: outer membrane (some)

71
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

obligate intracellular parasites

72
Q

What is the size of viruses?

A

nanometers

73
Q

What are 3 examples of viruses?

A

HIV, Herpes, Influenza B

74
Q

What is the structure of viroids?

A

Acellular, linear or circular RNA, no capsid

75
Q

What is the size of viroids?

A

10x smaller than the smallest virus

76
Q

What is an example of a viroid?

A

Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd)

77
Q

What is the structure of prions?

A

acecullar, self-replicating infectious protein

78
Q

What is the size of prions?

A

100x smaller than the smallest virus

79
Q

What are two examples of diseases caused by prions?

A

CJD, mad cow disease

80
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

system for naming, organizing and classifying living things

81
Q

How are organisms named?

A

identify, classify and then name

82
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

type of cell structure, type of nutrition and similarity in nucleic acids

83
Q

Who made the Three Domain System of Classification and what year?

A

Carl Woese 1978

84
Q

What are the Three Domain System of Classification categories?

A

domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya

85
Q

What are domain bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan

86
Q

What are domain archaea?

A

Prokaryotes with cell walls lacking peptidoglycan

87
Q

What are the four types of domain eukarya?

A

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

88
Q

What are the three examples of protists?

A

slime molds, protozoa, algae

89
Q

What are the three examples of fungi?

A

yeasts, molds, mushrooms

90
Q

What are the four examples of plants?

A

mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants

91
Q

What are the 4 examples of animals?

A

sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates

92
Q

Who invented the compound microscope and in what year?

A

Zaccharias Janssen - 1590

93
Q

Who popularized the compound microscope and improved it by adding a focusing device and in what year?

A

Galileo Galilei - 1620

94
Q

What did Robert Hook do in 1665?

A

Improved resolution (clarity) and illumination (invents condenser). Observes “cells” in cork sample, reports that life smallest structures were cells. started the beginning of cell theory

95
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells come from preexisting cells
96
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1673?

A

Observed live microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa). Reported findings to Royal Society of London. Called his findings animalcules

97
Q

What is Spontaneous Generation?

A

life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

98
Q

What is Biogenesis?

A

living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

99
Q

What did Francisco Redi do in 1668?

A

He demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from meat.

100
Q

What was Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 1?

A

He filled two jars with decaying meat. One was open and one was sealed. The opened one had maggots the closed one did not.

101
Q

What was the argument after Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 1?

A

Air is required for spontaneous generation

102
Q

What was Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 2?

A

He filled two jars with decaying meat and covered one of them with cause. The one without gauze had maggots and the one with gauze did not.

103
Q

What was the argument after Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 2?

A

“Animalcules” still simple enough to arise from spontaneous generation

104
Q

What did John Needham do in 1745?

A

He provided evidence of spontaneous generation

105
Q

What was John Needham’s experiment?

A

He boiled chicken and corn broth, poured it into a covered flask and microorganisms appeared

106
Q

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani suggest about John Needham’s experiment?

A

He suggested that microbes entered Needham’s broth after boiling

107
Q

What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment?

A

He put nutrient rich broth in a flask, heated it and then sealed it. No microorganisms appeared.

108
Q

What was the argument against Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment?

A

“Vital Force” for spontaneous generation was destroyed by the head and kept out by the seal .There was not enough oxygen to support microbial life.

109
Q

What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate in 1861?

A

microorganisms are present in the air

110
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment 1?

A

He filled two flasks with nutrient rich broth. One was sealed, one was not, they were both heated. The flask left open had microbes, the one sealed did not

111
Q

What did Louis Pasteur reason after experiment 1?

A

microbes were in the air, but needed a way to let air in and microbes out

112
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment 2?

A

He filled a long neck tube with nutrient broth and covered it to an S shaped tube. He heated it and there was no growth

113
Q

What did Louis Pasteur’s experiments show?

A

It disproved spontaneous generation and showed that microbial life can be destroyed by heat

114
Q

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

1857-1914

115
Q

Why was this the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

There were rapid advancements in relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.

116
Q

Who was asked to study why wine spoils?

A

Louis Pasteur

117
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

A

Yeast can convert sugar in absence of air to ethanol and CO2 and Bacteria can convert sugar in presence of air to acids and CO2

118
Q

What was the solution to the fermentation of wine?

A

pasteurization- heat the wine and then add yeast

119
Q

What did the idea of microbes spoiling wine help establish ?

A

The germ theory of disease

120
Q

What are the 5 early theories of disease?

A
  1. supernatural forces 2. curses 3. Astronomical events (influences of seasons) 4. Imbalances of body humors 5. Miasmas: foul odor
121
Q

What are the two parts of the Germ Theory of Disease?

A
  1. Infectious disease are caused by living microorganisms 2. A specific organism causes a specific disease
122
Q

Who were the contributors to the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch

123
Q

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

A physician advocating for hand washing

124
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrate?

A

Physicians that didn’t routinely wash hands could transmit infections

125
Q

What is Joseph Lister known for?

A

Antiseptics: He began treating surgical wounds with phenol which reduced incidence of infection and death.

126
Q

What did Robert Koch show proof of?

A

bacteria causes disease

127
Q

What was Robert Koch looking for?

A

The causative agent of anthrax

128
Q

How did Robert Koch look for the causative agent of anthrax?

A
  1. discovered rod bacteria in blood of infected dead cattle 2. cultured bacteria on nutrient medium 3. injected healthy animals they become sick 4. isolate bacteria from animal and compared it to original bacteria
129
Q

What is Koch’s postulate?

A

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

130
Q

What are the four steps of Koch’s postulate?

A
  1. microbe must be in all affected animals, not in healthy ones 2. must be isolated and cultured in a lab 3. injected into healthy animal and cause disease 4. re-isolated and shown to be the same microbe
131
Q

Who are the two contributors to vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur

132
Q

What vaccination is Edward Jenner known for and what did he notice in milkmaids?

A

small pox vaccination; he noticed no small pox in milkmaids with cowpox

133
Q

What was Edward Jenner’s experiment with small pox vaccination?

A
  1. collected scrapings from cow pox blisters, inoculate into the 8 year old volunteer 2. became mildly sick, but recovered 3. injected volunteer with small pox and could not contract
134
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover in 1880?

A

how vaccines work

135
Q

How did Louis Pasteur discover how vaccines work?

A

He was working with bacteria that causes cholera and noticed when cultured in lab over long periods of time it loses it’s virulence; attenuated bacteria is still able to produce immunity against specific disease

136
Q

When was the rabies virus found?

A

1885

137
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

a chemical treatment

138
Q

Who are the two contributors to chemotherapy?

A

Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming

139
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich notice?

A

He was working with staining microbes and noticed that some stains were taken up by microbes and not human tissue

140
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich speculate and what was it?

A

Magic bullet: could destroy pathogen without harming the infected individual

141
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich discover?

A

Salvarsan

142
Q

What is salvarsan?

A

arsenic derivative against syphilis

143
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

A

The first antibiotic

144
Q

What did the first antibiotic work with?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

145
Q

What happened to Alexander Fleming’s culture of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

It was contaminated by old (Penicillium notatum) and noticed a zone of inhibition around the mold caused by the antibiotic

146
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

the study of bacteria

147
Q

What is mycology?

A

study of fungi

148
Q

What is parasitology?

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

149
Q

What is virology?

A

study of viruses

150
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of immunity

151
Q

What is Microbial Genetics?

A

the study of how microbes inherit traits

152
Q

What is Molecular Biology?

A

study of how information in DNA directs protein synthesis

Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 (3 decks)

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