Introduction to Microbiology, History Flashcards
What is Microbiology?
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
What are the three reasons to study microbiology?
- Ubiquitos 2. Harmful effects 3. Beneficial effects
What does ubiquitous mean in terms of microbio?
The microorganisms are found everywhere
What are the three beneficial effects of Microbiology?
Maintain ecological balance, aid in human digestion and vitamin synthesis, and commercial applications
What are the 3 ways microorganisms maintain ecological balance?
- basis of food chain 2. photosynthesis, provide oxygen 3. Decomposers, recycle nutrients
What are the four ways microorganisms are used in commercial applications?
- food and beverage 2. antibiotics 3. vaccines 4. genetic engineering
What are examples of how microorganisms are used in food and beverage production?
pickles, sauerkraut, soy sauce, yogurt, bread, alcohol
What are the three reasons microorganisms can be harmful?
Pathogenic, food spoilage, breakdown/ damage useful materials.
What is nomenclature?
The naming of organisms
Who established the nomenclature for microorganisms and in what year?
Carolus Linnaeus, 1735
How are microorganisms named?
Binomial. first word is the genus Capitalized and underlined and second word is the scientific epithet which is lower case and underlined
What are the three types of microorganisms?
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Acellular forms
What do prokaryotes lack?
a nucleus
What are bacteria and arches classified as?
prokaryotes
What is the structure of bacteria?
Unicellular, prokaryote (lacks a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Cocci, Bacillus, and Spiral
What shape is cocci?
Circular shaped
What shape is bacillus?
rods
What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?
peptidoglycan
How do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
What is binary fission?
dividing into two equal cells
What are the three ways bacteria get nutrition?
Heterotrophic, autotrophic and saprophytic
What does the heterotrophic way of getting nutrition require?
organic carbon source (most)
What does the saprocryptic way of getting nutrients require?
it uses dead, organic matter
What is the size of bacteria?
micrometers
What does the autotrophic way of getting nutrients require?
carbon dioxide (some)
What is the structure of archaea?
unicellular, prokaryote and the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
What are the three main groups of archaea?
Methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles
What waste product is created from methanogens?
methane
Where do extreme halophiles live?
Extremely salty conditions
Where do extreme thermophiles live?
Extremely hot environments
How do archaea get nutrients?
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
What size are archaea?
micrometers
What is an example of archaea?
Halobacterium salinarum
What are the four eukaryotes?
fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths
Is yeast unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
Is mold unicellular or multicellular?
multicellular
What is the cell wall of fungi made of?
chitin
What is the shape of yeast?
ovoid
What is the shape of mold?
filaments hyphae
How do fungi reproduce?
asexually or sexually
How does fungus get nutrition?
heterotrophic
What is the size of fungi?
micrometers to millimeters
What are two examples of fungi?
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the structure of Algae?
unicellular or mulitcellular, eukaryote
What kind of microorganism is yeast?
eukaryote
What is the cell wall of algae made of?
cellulose
What additional structure is found in algae? What is it for?
chloroplasts for photosynthesis
How does algae reproduce?
asexually or sexually
How does algae get nutrition?
Autotrophic and photoautotrophic
What does photoautotrophic nutrition require?
light, water and carbon dioxide
What is the size range of algae?
micrometers to millimeters
What is an example of algae?
Volvox aureus
What is the structure of protozoa?
Unicellular, eukaryote
What is the cell wall of protozoa made of?
There is no cell wall
What additional structures are found on protozoa?
pseudopods, flagella or cilia for motility
How do protozoa reproduce?
asexually or sexually
How do protozoa get nutrition?
Heterotrophic
What size are protozoa?
micrometers
What are two examples of protozoa?
Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium falciparum
What is the structure of Helminths?
Mulitcellular (round and flat worms), eukaryote
What is the cell wall of helminths?
They do not have a cell wall
How do helminths reproduce?
Asexual and sexual
What does dioecious mean?
Male/ female reproduction
What does hermaphroditic mean?
something has both male and female parts
How do helminths get nutrition?
Heterotrophic
What is the size of helminths?
macroscopic, microscopic at certain stages of life
What are two examples of helminths?
Taenia sodium, Etnerobius vermicularis
What are the three acellular forms?
Viruses, viroids and prions
What is the structure of viruses?
acellular, Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA), capsid (protein coat), envelope: outer membrane (some)
How do viruses reproduce?
obligate intracellular parasites
What is the size of viruses?
nanometers
What are 3 examples of viruses?
HIV, Herpes, Influenza B
What is the structure of viroids?
Acellular, linear or circular RNA, no capsid
What is the size of viroids?
10x smaller than the smallest virus
What is an example of a viroid?
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd)
What is the structure of prions?
acecullar, self-replicating infectious protein
What is the size of prions?
100x smaller than the smallest virus
What are two examples of diseases caused by prions?
CJD, mad cow disease
What is taxonomy?
system for naming, organizing and classifying living things
How are organisms named?
identify, classify and then name
How are organisms classified?
type of cell structure, type of nutrition and similarity in nucleic acids
Who made the Three Domain System of Classification and what year?
Carl Woese 1978
What are the Three Domain System of Classification categories?
domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya
What are domain bacteria?
Prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan
What are domain archaea?
Prokaryotes with cell walls lacking peptidoglycan
What are the four types of domain eukarya?
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
What are the three examples of protists?
slime molds, protozoa, algae
What are the three examples of fungi?
yeasts, molds, mushrooms
What are the four examples of plants?
mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
What are the 4 examples of animals?
sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates
Who invented the compound microscope and in what year?
Zaccharias Janssen - 1590
Who popularized the compound microscope and improved it by adding a focusing device and in what year?
Galileo Galilei - 1620
What did Robert Hook do in 1665?
Improved resolution (clarity) and illumination (invents condenser). Observes “cells” in cork sample, reports that life smallest structures were cells. started the beginning of cell theory
What is cell theory?
- All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells come from preexisting cells
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1673?
Observed live microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa). Reported findings to Royal Society of London. Called his findings animalcules
What is Spontaneous Generation?
life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
What is Biogenesis?
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
What did Francisco Redi do in 1668?
He demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from meat.
What was Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 1?
He filled two jars with decaying meat. One was open and one was sealed. The opened one had maggots the closed one did not.
What was the argument after Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 1?
Air is required for spontaneous generation
What was Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 2?
He filled two jars with decaying meat and covered one of them with cause. The one without gauze had maggots and the one with gauze did not.
What was the argument after Fransisco Redi’s Experiment 2?
“Animalcules” still simple enough to arise from spontaneous generation
What did John Needham do in 1745?
He provided evidence of spontaneous generation
What was John Needham’s experiment?
He boiled chicken and corn broth, poured it into a covered flask and microorganisms appeared
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani suggest about John Needham’s experiment?
He suggested that microbes entered Needham’s broth after boiling
What was Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment?
He put nutrient rich broth in a flask, heated it and then sealed it. No microorganisms appeared.
What was the argument against Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment?
“Vital Force” for spontaneous generation was destroyed by the head and kept out by the seal .There was not enough oxygen to support microbial life.
What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate in 1861?
microorganisms are present in the air
What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment 1?
He filled two flasks with nutrient rich broth. One was sealed, one was not, they were both heated. The flask left open had microbes, the one sealed did not
What did Louis Pasteur reason after experiment 1?
microbes were in the air, but needed a way to let air in and microbes out
What was Louis Pasteur’s experiment 2?
He filled a long neck tube with nutrient broth and covered it to an S shaped tube. He heated it and there was no growth
What did Louis Pasteur’s experiments show?
It disproved spontaneous generation and showed that microbial life can be destroyed by heat
When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
1857-1914
Why was this the Golden Age of Microbiology?
There were rapid advancements in relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.
Who was asked to study why wine spoils?
Louis Pasteur
What is the process of fermentation?
Yeast can convert sugar in absence of air to ethanol and CO2 and Bacteria can convert sugar in presence of air to acids and CO2
What was the solution to the fermentation of wine?
pasteurization- heat the wine and then add yeast
What did the idea of microbes spoiling wine help establish ?
The germ theory of disease
What are the 5 early theories of disease?
- supernatural forces 2. curses 3. Astronomical events (influences of seasons) 4. Imbalances of body humors 5. Miasmas: foul odor
What are the two parts of the Germ Theory of Disease?
- Infectious disease are caused by living microorganisms 2. A specific organism causes a specific disease
Who were the contributors to the Germ Theory of Disease?
Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?
A physician advocating for hand washing
What did Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrate?
Physicians that didn’t routinely wash hands could transmit infections
What is Joseph Lister known for?
Antiseptics: He began treating surgical wounds with phenol which reduced incidence of infection and death.
What did Robert Koch show proof of?
bacteria causes disease
What was Robert Koch looking for?
The causative agent of anthrax
How did Robert Koch look for the causative agent of anthrax?
- discovered rod bacteria in blood of infected dead cattle 2. cultured bacteria on nutrient medium 3. injected healthy animals they become sick 4. isolate bacteria from animal and compared it to original bacteria
What is Koch’s postulate?
a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
What are the four steps of Koch’s postulate?
- microbe must be in all affected animals, not in healthy ones 2. must be isolated and cultured in a lab 3. injected into healthy animal and cause disease 4. re-isolated and shown to be the same microbe
Who are the two contributors to vaccination?
Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur
What vaccination is Edward Jenner known for and what did he notice in milkmaids?
small pox vaccination; he noticed no small pox in milkmaids with cowpox
What was Edward Jenner’s experiment with small pox vaccination?
- collected scrapings from cow pox blisters, inoculate into the 8 year old volunteer 2. became mildly sick, but recovered 3. injected volunteer with small pox and could not contract
What did Louis Pasteur discover in 1880?
how vaccines work
How did Louis Pasteur discover how vaccines work?
He was working with bacteria that causes cholera and noticed when cultured in lab over long periods of time it loses it’s virulence; attenuated bacteria is still able to produce immunity against specific disease
When was the rabies virus found?
1885
What is chemotherapy?
a chemical treatment
Who are the two contributors to chemotherapy?
Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming
What did Paul Ehrlich notice?
He was working with staining microbes and noticed that some stains were taken up by microbes and not human tissue
What did Paul Ehrlich speculate and what was it?
Magic bullet: could destroy pathogen without harming the infected individual
What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
Salvarsan
What is salvarsan?
arsenic derivative against syphilis
What did Alexander Fleming discover?
The first antibiotic
What did the first antibiotic work with?
Staphylococcus aureus
What happened to Alexander Fleming’s culture of Staphylococcus aureus?
It was contaminated by old (Penicillium notatum) and noticed a zone of inhibition around the mold caused by the antibiotic
What is bacteriology?
the study of bacteria
What is mycology?
study of fungi
What is parasitology?
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
What is virology?
study of viruses
What is immunology?
The study of immunity
What is Microbial Genetics?
the study of how microbes inherit traits
What is Molecular Biology?
study of how information in DNA directs protein synthesis
