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Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 > Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two characteristics of a prokaryote?

A

DNA not enclosed in a membrane (one circular chromosome) and no membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What are the two characteristics of a eukaryote?

A

DNA is enclosed in a membrane (multiple chromosomes) and membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What are the four shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Cocci (round) , Bacillus (rod), Spiral (vibrio, spirillium and spirochete) and pleomorphic

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4
Q

What is diplococci?

A

pair of cocci

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5
Q

What is streptococcus?

A

chain of cocci

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6
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

cluster of 4 cocci

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7
Q

What is a sarcina?

A

cubical packet of 8 cocci

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8
Q

What is staphylococcus?

A

grape-like bunches

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9
Q

What is diplobacillus?

A

pair of bacilli

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10
Q

What is Streptobacillus?

A

chain of bacilli

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11
Q

What is Pallisades?

A

bacilli connected in parallel with each other

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12
Q

What are the 5 external appendages of a prokaryote?

A

Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae and pili

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13
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

layer of material covering the cells

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14
Q

What are the two types of glycocalx?

A

Capsule and slime layer

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15
Q

How is a capsule attached?

A

organized and firmed attached

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16
Q

How is the slime layer attached?

A

unorganized and loosely attached

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17
Q

What is the glycocalyx composed of?

A

polysaccharides and glycoproteins (Some polypeptides)

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18
Q

What are the four functions of the glycocalyx?

A

adhesion to surfaces, osmotic barriers, protect bacteria from phagocytosis and storage or nutrients

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19
Q

What is flagella?

A

long filamentous appendages that rotate to propel bacteria

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20
Q

What are flagella composed of?

A

filament, hook, basal body

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21
Q

What is a filament?

A

flagellin protein arranged in helix

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22
Q

What does a basal body do?

A

anchors flagella to the cell

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23
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

motility and taxis

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24
Q

What does monotrichous mean?

A

one flagellum

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25
Q

What does Lophotrichous mean?

A

several flagella at one pole

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26
Q

What does Amphitrichous mean?

A

flagella at both poles

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27
Q

What does Peritrichous mean?

A

flagella all over the cell

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28
Q

What does Taxis mean?

A

moving toward or away from a substance

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29
Q

What does it mean when the flagella spin counterclockwise?

A

they are running (moving forward)

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30
Q

What does it mean when the flagella spin clockwise?

A

it is tumbling (cell changes direction)

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31
Q

Attractants cause flagella to spin ____.

A

counterclockwise

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32
Q

Repellants cause flagella to spin ____.

A

clockwise

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33
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

bundles of fibrils that wrap around the cell wall of spirochetes

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34
Q

What is the function of axial filaments?

A

corkscrew motion motility

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35
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

several short hair-like projections

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36
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

surface adhesion

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37
Q

What are pili?

A

one or two longer hair-like projections

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38
Q

What are the two functions of pili?

A

motility and sexual-conjugation

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39
Q

What is sexual conjugation?

A

pili forms tubes for transferring genetic material

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40
Q

What are cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycan

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41
Q

What is peptidoglycan composed of?

A

Disaccharides (NAG and NAM)

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42
Q

What are the sheets of peptidoglycan linked by?

A

polypeptides

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43
Q

What are the three functions of the cell wall?

A

maintains shape of cell, physical protection and enables cell to escape rupture in hypotonic environments

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44
Q

What are the two characteristics of a Gram (+) cell wall?

A

many layers of peptidoglycan and techoic acid is present

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45
Q

What is techoic acid composed of?

A

alcohol and phosphate

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46
Q

What are the two types of teichoic acid?

A

Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

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47
Q

What does lipoteichoic acid do?

A

links to plasma membrane

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48
Q

What does wall teichoic acid link to?

A

peptidoglycan

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49
Q

What do the antigenic properties of bacteria cell walls do?

A

elicit an immune response

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50
Q

What is the cell wall of a Gram (-) bacteria like?

A

Few layers of peptidoglycan (in periplasm) and no teichoic acid

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51
Q

What does the outer membrane of a Gram (-) cell like?

A

protection of antibiotics and phagocytes; contains lipopolysaccharides

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52
Q

What three things are found in lipopolysaccharides?

A

Lipid A, Core Polysaccharides and O Polysaccharides

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53
Q

Where is Lipid A found?

A

embedded in outer membrane

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54
Q

What is the function of Core polysaccharides?

A

structural stability

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55
Q

What is the function of O polysaccharides?

A

antigenic

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56
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

the space between two membranes

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57
Q

What are the two types of Atypical Cell Walls?

A

Acid-fast Bacteria and Mycoplasmas

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58
Q

What do acid-fast bacteria contain in their cell wall?

A

mycolic acid

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59
Q

What is mycolic acid like?

A

a waxy lipid

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60
Q

What does mycolic acid prevent?

A

dessication and digestion from phagocytes

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61
Q

What are two examples of acid-fast bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

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62
Q

What do mycoplasmas lack?

A

cell walls

63
Q

What do mycoplasmas contain in their membrane?

A

cholestrol

64
Q

What is an exmaple of a mycoplasma?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

65
Q

What are the three characteristics of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, contains proteins and dynamic

66
Q

What are the names of the two proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

peripheral and Integral

67
Q

Were are peripheral proteins found?

A

inner or outer surface of membrane

68
Q

Where are integral proteins found?

A

embedded in membrane

69
Q

What does transmembrane mean?

A

penetrate membrane completely

70
Q

What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Selective permeability and enzymes for ATP production

71
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell

72
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration

73
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

transporter protein facilitates movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration

74
Q

What is Active transport?

A

transporter protein and ATP required to move solutes from low concentration to high concentration

75
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water across semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentrations of water

76
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

the concentration outside of the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell

77
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Concentration outside of the cell is equal to the concentration inside of the cell

78
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

the concentration outside of the cell is greater than the concentration inside of the cell

79
Q

What are the 6 internal structures of a cell?

A
  1. cytoplasm 2. nucleoid 3. ribosomes 4. plasmids 5. inclusions 6. endospores
80
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

viscous semi-fluid substance of the cell

81
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

site of enzymatic reactions

82
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

single chromosome, circular dsDNA; contains genetic information for cell structures and functions

83
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

granules scattered throughout cytoplasm

84
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

protein and rRNA subunits

85
Q

What are the sizes of subunits?

A

small subunit (30s); large subunit (50s)

86
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

assemble amino acids into polypeptides

87
Q

What are plasmids?

A

self replication small circular dsDNA

88
Q

What are the two functions of plasmids?

A
  1. antibiotic resistance 2. carry additional genes
89
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

accumulated stored materials

90
Q

What are metachromatic reserves?

A

phosphate reserves

91
Q

What are polysaccharide granules?

A

energy reserves

92
Q

What are lipid inclusions?

A

energy reserves

93
Q

What are sulfur granules?

A

energy reserves

94
Q

What is the function of gas vacuoles?

A

maintain buoyancy

95
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

orient bacteria, hydrogen peroxide protection

96
Q

What are endospores?

A

highly resistant dormant structure produced by certain bacteria

97
Q

What is the structure of endospores?

A
  1. thick peptidoglycan between TWO membranes 2. spore coat cover containing keratin
98
Q

What two Genuses are involved with endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

99
Q

When are endospores formed?

A

During times of low nutrients and harsh environments

100
Q

What are endospores resistant to?

A

heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV and radiation

101
Q

What is the process of sporulation?

A
  1. spore septum forms, isolating DNA and small amount of cytoplasm 2. Plasma membrane engulfs isolated DNA and cytoplasm forming a foreshore 3. Peptidoglycan forms between two membranes 4. keratin spore coat forms 5]. endospore is released
102
Q

What does germination require?

A

water, nutrients

103
Q

What is the process of germination?

A
  1. free spore absorbs water 2. metabolism resumes 3. free spore swells, ruptures and releases one vegetative body
104
Q

What are the four parts of the cell structure in eukaryotes?

A
  1. external appendages 2. cell wall 3. plasma membrane 4. internal structures
105
Q

What are the two external appendages found in eukaryotes?

A

flagella and cilia

106
Q

Flagella are ____ while cilia are ____.

A

long,short

107
Q

What are flagella and cilia composed of?

A

microtubules made of tubulin protein

108
Q

How do flagella and cilia move?

A

in a wave- like manner

109
Q

What are the functions of flagella and cilia?

A

motility and move substances along surface of cell (cilia)

110
Q

What is the cell wall of algae made of?

A

cellulose

111
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

chitin

112
Q

What is the cell wall of protozoa and helminths made of?

A

lack cell wall

113
Q

What are the two characteristics of the plasma membrane in eukaryotes?

A
  1. similar to prokaryotes 2. differs i types of proteins found on membrane
114
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

115
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating”. projects pseudopods, engulfs particles

116
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

“cell drinking”. folds inward, bring in fluid

117
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

vacuoles fuse with plasma membrane to expel

118
Q

What are the three internal structures found in eukaryotes?

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles

119
Q

What are the two parts of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and cytoskeleton

120
Q

What is cytosol?

A

fluid portion

121
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

proteins that support shape and assist in substances through the cell

122
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

123
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

granules scattered free in cytoplasm, or on surface of ER

124
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

protein and rRNA subunits

125
Q

What are the rRNA subunits of ribosomes?

A

small subunits (40s), large subunits (60s)

126
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

assemble amino acids into polypeptides

127
Q

What are membrane-bound organelles?

A

specialized structures that perform specific functions; contained in a membrane

128
Q

What are the seven membrane bound organelles?

A

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes

129
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope: two lipid bilayers with pores, round or oval

130
Q

What two structures are found in the nucleus?

A

nucleolus and chromosomes

131
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

condensed region of DNA —> rRNA synthesis

132
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins, supercoiled

133
Q

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

network of cisternae

134
Q

What are cisternae?

A

flattened membranous sacs

135
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

136
Q

What does rough er have that smooth er lacks?

A

ribosomes

137
Q

What is the function of rough er?

A

synthesize secretory and membrane proteins

138
Q

What is the function of smooth er?

A

synthesize lipids, detoxification

139
Q

What is the structure of the golgi complex?

A

cisternae stacked on one another

140
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

receive and modify proteins from the ER

141
Q

What is the store of lysosomes?

A

membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes

142
Q

What are the three functions of lysosomes?

A

digesting phagocytize materials, recycling cells organic materials, apoptosis

143
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

144
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

rod shaped, double membrane (inner and outer), inner membrane contains folds called cristae, contains its own 70s ribosomes and DNA

145
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration and ATP synthesis

146
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

algae and plants

147
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

double membrane, grana, contains its own 70s ribosomes and DNA

148
Q

What is grana?

A

stacks of thylakoids

149
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

flattened membrane sacs containing chlorophyll

150
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

photosynthesis —> glucose synthesis

151
Q

What is the structure of peroxisomes?

A

small membrane bound sacs containing catalase

152
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

decomposes toxic hydrogen peroxide

153
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory?

A

organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes

154
Q

What is the evidence of endosymbiosis theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes, 70s ribosomes and separate self-replicating DNA

Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 (3 decks)

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