Chemistry, Biomolecules Flashcards
1
Q
What is chemistry?
A
study of interactions between atoms and molecules
2
Q
What are atoms?
A
the smallest unit of matter
3
Q
What are molecules?
A
atoms that bond together
4
Q
What is found in the nucleus of atoms?
A
protons, neutrons
5
Q
What are protons?
A
positively charged particles, weighted
6
Q
What are neutrons?
A
uncharged particles, weighted
7
Q
What is the electron shell made of?
A
(-) charged particles, unweighted
8
Q
What is the atomic symbol?
A
letter(s) representing the element
9
Q
What is the atomic number?
A
the number of protons (uncharged)
10
Q
What is the atomic mass?
A
protons + neutrons
11
Q
What are isotopes?
A
atoms with different number of neutrons
12
Q
What are ions?
A
atoms that have gained or lost electrons
13
Q
What is electronegativity?
A
an atom’s ability to attract electrons
14
Q
What does electronegativity determine?
A
chemical bonding
15
Q
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
A
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
16
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
An electron is transferred from one element to another?
17
Q
What is the electronegativity of an ionic bond?
A
one strong, one weak
18
Q
Ionic bonds can happen between two ions with ______ charges.
A
opposite
19
Q
What is an example of an ionic bond?
A
NaCl
20
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
electrons are shared
21
Q
What is the electronegativity of a covalent bond?
A
relatively equal (non polar: equal sharing), (polar:unequal sharing)
22
Q
How does a hydrogen bond happen?
A
- opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules cause attraction
- Slight + charges (near H) and - charges (near O) = attraction
23
Q
What is an example of a hydrogen bond?
A
water molecules binding to each other
24
Q
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
A
synthesis, decomposition, exchange
25
What is a synthesis chemical reaction?
boiling, endergonic
26
What does endergonic mean?
energy consuming
27
What is an example of synthesis?
dehydration synthesis
28
What is a decomposition chemical reaction?
breaking down, exergonic
29
What is exergonic?
energy releasing
30
What is an example of decomposition?
hydrolysis
31
What is exchange in terms of chemical reactions?
part synthesis, part decomposition
32
What is an inorganic molecule?
a molecule that typically lacks carbon
33
What is an organic molecule?
a molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen
34
What is water?
polar---> hydrogen bonding
35
What are four characteristics of water?
1. temperature buffer 2. unique density 3. solvent: dissolving agent 4. reactant and product for several reactions
36
What does an acid release in a solution?
H+
37
What is the number for an acidic pH?
< 7
38
What is an example of an acid?
HCl
39
What does a base release in a solution?
OH-
40
What is the pH of a base?
>7
41
What is an example of a base?
NaOH
42
What are salts?
ionic compounds that dissociate in water
43
What don't salts release in a solution?
H+ or OH-
44
What is an example of a salt?
NaCl
45
What is pH?
the potential of hydrogen?
46
What is the formula for pH?
-log [H+]
47
What is the scale for pH?
0-14
48
What are the ranges for an acid, base and neutral on the pH scale?
acidic: below 7
basic: above 7
neutral: 7
49
What are the four types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
50
What do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
51
What are the properties of carbohydrates?
polar ---> hydrophilic
52
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
1. simple sugars 2. complex carbohydrates
53
What is the function of simple sugars?
fast energy
54
What are the two types of simple sugars?
monosaccharides, disaccharides
55
What is a monosaccharide?
one sugar
56
What are two examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose
57
What is a disaccharide?
2 sugars
58
What are two examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose
59
What are the three functions of complex carbohydrates?
1. energy source 2. structural support 3. component of cell membranes
60
What is the one type of complex carbohydrates?
polysaccharides
61
What is a polysaccharide?
a chain of sugars
62
What are 5 examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, chitin
63
What do lipids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
64
What are the properties of lipids?
non polar --> hydrophobic
65
What are the three types of lipids?
1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
66
What is the structure of triglycerides?
1. glycerol 2. 3 fatty acid chains
67
What are the three functions of triglycerides?
1. energy storage 2. insulation 3. protection
68
What are the two types of triglycerides?
saturated and unsaturated
69
What are three characteristics of saturated triglycerides?
no double bonds, tightly packed, solid at room temp
70
What are the three characteristics of unsaturated triglycerides?
contain double bonds, loosely packed, liquid at RT
71
What is the structure of phospholipids?
glycerol, phosphate group (polar), 2 fatty acid tails (non-polar)
72
What is the function of phospholipids?
membrane structure
73
What is the structure of steroids?
4 carbon rings with side chains, all derived from cholesterol
74
What are the three functions of steroids?
membrane fluidity, cellular communication and others
75
What are three examples of steroids?
Cholesterol, testosterone, vitamin d
76
What do proteins contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
77
What is the structure of proteins?
chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, folded (polypeptide)
78
What are the 4 functions of proteins?
structural support, enzymatic activity, chemical messengers, receptors
79
What is the structure of amino acids?
central carbon, amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group: COOH, R group
80
What does the R group determine in an amino acid?
it determines the amino acid
81
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
82
What is the primary level of a protein a sequence of?
amino acids
83
What bonds are involved on the primary level of amino acids?
peptide
84
What do secondary bonds look like?
localized repetitive twisting and folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheats
85
What do alpha helixes look like?
spirals
86
What do beta pleated sheets look like?
pleats
87
What bonds are involved in a secondary protein structure?
hydrogen (No R groups)
88
What do tertiary protein structures look like?
overall 3D structure
89
What bonds are involved in tertiary protein structure?
hydrogen, ionic, disulfide (R groups involved)
90
What do quaternary protein bonds look like?
multiple polypeptide chains binding together
91
What bonds are involved in quaternary protein structures?
hydrogen, ionic and disulfide
92
What molecules are involved in nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
93
What are the properties of nucleic acids?
polar --> Hydrophilic
94
What is the structure of a nucleic acid like?
Chain of nucleotides
95
What are the three functions of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information (DNA), DNA expression (RNA)< energy currency (ATP)
96
What are the three types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
97
What are the three characteristics of a nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
98
What are the two names for nitrogenous bases?
purine and pyrimidine
99
What are the two types of purine?
adenine, guanine
100
What are the three types of Pyrimidine?
cytosine, thymine and uracil
101
What are the base pairings?
a and t or a and u; g and c
102
What is DNA?
a double stranded helix
103
What sugar is found in DNA?
deoxyribose
104
Thymine binds to ___.
adenine
105
RNA is ____ stranded.
single
106
What sugar is found in RNA?
ribose
107
____ binds to adenine.
uracil
108
What are the three types of RNA?
rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
109
What is mRNA?
messeneger RNA, brings message from DNA to ribosome
110
What is tRNA?
transfer RNA, involved in protein synthesis
111
What is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome
112
What 3 things are found in ATP?
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
113
What is the function of ATP?
energy currency through 2 high energy bonds
