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Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 > Chemistry, Biomolecules > Flashcards

Chemistry, Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest unit of matter

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3
Q

What are molecules?

A

atoms that bond together

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4
Q

What is found in the nucleus of atoms?

A

protons, neutrons

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5
Q

What are protons?

A

positively charged particles, weighted

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6
Q

What are neutrons?

A

uncharged particles, weighted

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7
Q

What is the electron shell made of?

A

(-) charged particles, unweighted

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8
Q

What is the atomic symbol?

A

letter(s) representing the element

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9
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons (uncharged)

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10
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

protons + neutrons

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11
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms with different number of neutrons

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12
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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13
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

an atom’s ability to attract electrons

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14
Q

What does electronegativity determine?

A

chemical bonding

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15
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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16
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An electron is transferred from one element to another?

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17
Q

What is the electronegativity of an ionic bond?

A

one strong, one weak

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18
Q

Ionic bonds can happen between two ions with ______ charges.

A

opposite

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19
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond?

A

NaCl

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

electrons are shared

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21
Q

What is the electronegativity of a covalent bond?

A

relatively equal (non polar: equal sharing), (polar:unequal sharing)

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22
Q

How does a hydrogen bond happen?

A
  • opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules cause attraction
  • Slight + charges (near H) and - charges (near O) = attraction
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23
Q

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?

A

water molecules binding to each other

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24
Q

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

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25
Q

What is a synthesis chemical reaction?

A

boiling, endergonic

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26
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

energy consuming

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27
Q

What is an example of synthesis?

A

dehydration synthesis

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28
Q

What is a decomposition chemical reaction?

A

breaking down, exergonic

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29
Q

What is exergonic?

A

energy releasing

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30
Q

What is an example of decomposition?

A

hydrolysis

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31
Q

What is exchange in terms of chemical reactions?

A

part synthesis, part decomposition

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32
Q

What is an inorganic molecule?

A

a molecule that typically lacks carbon

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33
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

a molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen

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34
Q

What is water?

A

polar—> hydrogen bonding

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35
Q

What are four characteristics of water?

A
  1. temperature buffer 2. unique density 3. solvent: dissolving agent 4. reactant and product for several reactions
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36
Q

What does an acid release in a solution?

A

H+

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37
Q

What is the number for an acidic pH?

A

< 7

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38
Q

What is an example of an acid?

A

HCl

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39
Q

What does a base release in a solution?

A

OH-

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40
Q

What is the pH of a base?

A

> 7

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41
Q

What is an example of a base?

A

NaOH

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42
Q

What are salts?

A

ionic compounds that dissociate in water

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43
Q

What don’t salts release in a solution?

A

H+ or OH-

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44
Q

What is an example of a salt?

A

NaCl

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45
Q

What is pH?

A

the potential of hydrogen?

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46
Q

What is the formula for pH?

A

-log [H+]

47
Q

What is the scale for pH?

A

0-14

48
Q

What are the ranges for an acid, base and neutral on the pH scale?

A

acidic: below 7
basic: above 7
neutral: 7

49
Q

What are the four types of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

50
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

51
Q

What are the properties of carbohydrates?

A

polar —> hydrophilic

52
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. simple sugars 2. complex carbohydrates
53
Q

What is the function of simple sugars?

A

fast energy

54
Q

What are the two types of simple sugars?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides

55
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

one sugar

56
Q

What are two examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose

57
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 sugars

58
Q

What are two examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose

59
Q

What are the three functions of complex carbohydrates?

A
  1. energy source 2. structural support 3. component of cell membranes
60
Q

What is the one type of complex carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharides

61
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

a chain of sugars

62
Q

What are 5 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, chitin

63
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

What are the properties of lipids?

A

non polar –> hydrophobic

65
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A
  1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
66
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A
  1. glycerol 2. 3 fatty acid chains
67
Q

What are the three functions of triglycerides?

A
  1. energy storage 2. insulation 3. protection
68
Q

What are the two types of triglycerides?

A

saturated and unsaturated

69
Q

What are three characteristics of saturated triglycerides?

A

no double bonds, tightly packed, solid at room temp

70
Q

What are the three characteristics of unsaturated triglycerides?

A

contain double bonds, loosely packed, liquid at RT

71
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

glycerol, phosphate group (polar), 2 fatty acid tails (non-polar)

72
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

membrane structure

73
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

4 carbon rings with side chains, all derived from cholesterol

74
Q

What are the three functions of steroids?

A

membrane fluidity, cellular communication and others

75
Q

What are three examples of steroids?

A

Cholesterol, testosterone, vitamin d

76
Q

What do proteins contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

77
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, folded (polypeptide)

78
Q

What are the 4 functions of proteins?

A

structural support, enzymatic activity, chemical messengers, receptors

79
Q

What is the structure of amino acids?

A

central carbon, amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group: COOH, R group

80
Q

What does the R group determine in an amino acid?

A

it determines the amino acid

81
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

82
Q

What is the primary level of a protein a sequence of?

A

amino acids

83
Q

What bonds are involved on the primary level of amino acids?

A

peptide

84
Q

What do secondary bonds look like?

A

localized repetitive twisting and folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheats

85
Q

What do alpha helixes look like?

A

spirals

86
Q

What do beta pleated sheets look like?

A

pleats

87
Q

What bonds are involved in a secondary protein structure?

A

hydrogen (No R groups)

88
Q

What do tertiary protein structures look like?

A

overall 3D structure

89
Q

What bonds are involved in tertiary protein structure?

A

hydrogen, ionic, disulfide (R groups involved)

90
Q

What do quaternary protein bonds look like?

A

multiple polypeptide chains binding together

91
Q

What bonds are involved in quaternary protein structures?

A

hydrogen, ionic and disulfide

92
Q

What molecules are involved in nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

93
Q

What are the properties of nucleic acids?

A

polar –> Hydrophilic

94
Q

What is the structure of a nucleic acid like?

A

Chain of nucleotides

95
Q

What are the three functions of nucleic acids?

A

Store genetic information (DNA), DNA expression (RNA)< energy currency (ATP)

96
Q

What are the three types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

97
Q

What are the three characteristics of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

98
Q

What are the two names for nitrogenous bases?

A

purine and pyrimidine

99
Q

What are the two types of purine?

A

adenine, guanine

100
Q

What are the three types of Pyrimidine?

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

101
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

a and t or a and u; g and c

102
Q

What is DNA?

A

a double stranded helix

103
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

104
Q

Thymine binds to ___.

A

adenine

105
Q

RNA is ____ stranded.

A

single

106
Q

What sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

107
Q

____ binds to adenine.

A

uracil

108
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

109
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messeneger RNA, brings message from DNA to ribosome

110
Q

What is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA, involved in protein synthesis

111
Q

What is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome

112
Q

What 3 things are found in ATP?

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates

113
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

energy currency through 2 high energy bonds

Microbiology Lecture Exam 1 (3 decks)

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