Chemistry, Biomolecules Flashcards
What is chemistry?
study of interactions between atoms and molecules
What are atoms?
the smallest unit of matter
What are molecules?
atoms that bond together
What is found in the nucleus of atoms?
protons, neutrons
What are protons?
positively charged particles, weighted
What are neutrons?
uncharged particles, weighted
What is the electron shell made of?
(-) charged particles, unweighted
What is the atomic symbol?
letter(s) representing the element
What is the atomic number?
the number of protons (uncharged)
What is the atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
What are isotopes?
atoms with different number of neutrons
What are ions?
atoms that have gained or lost electrons
What is electronegativity?
an atom’s ability to attract electrons
What does electronegativity determine?
chemical bonding
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
What is an ionic bond?
An electron is transferred from one element to another?
What is the electronegativity of an ionic bond?
one strong, one weak
Ionic bonds can happen between two ions with ______ charges.
opposite
What is an example of an ionic bond?
NaCl
What is a covalent bond?
electrons are shared
What is the electronegativity of a covalent bond?
relatively equal (non polar: equal sharing), (polar:unequal sharing)
How does a hydrogen bond happen?
- opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules cause attraction
- Slight + charges (near H) and - charges (near O) = attraction
What is an example of a hydrogen bond?
water molecules binding to each other
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
synthesis, decomposition, exchange
What is a synthesis chemical reaction?
boiling, endergonic
What does endergonic mean?
energy consuming
What is an example of synthesis?
dehydration synthesis
What is a decomposition chemical reaction?
breaking down, exergonic
What is exergonic?
energy releasing
What is an example of decomposition?
hydrolysis
What is exchange in terms of chemical reactions?
part synthesis, part decomposition
What is an inorganic molecule?
a molecule that typically lacks carbon
What is an organic molecule?
a molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen
What is water?
polar—> hydrogen bonding
What are four characteristics of water?
- temperature buffer 2. unique density 3. solvent: dissolving agent 4. reactant and product for several reactions
What does an acid release in a solution?
H+
What is the number for an acidic pH?
< 7
What is an example of an acid?
HCl
What does a base release in a solution?
OH-
What is the pH of a base?
> 7
What is an example of a base?
NaOH
What are salts?
ionic compounds that dissociate in water
What don’t salts release in a solution?
H+ or OH-
What is an example of a salt?
NaCl
What is pH?
the potential of hydrogen?
What is the formula for pH?
-log [H+]
What is the scale for pH?
0-14
What are the ranges for an acid, base and neutral on the pH scale?
acidic: below 7
basic: above 7
neutral: 7
What are the four types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are the properties of carbohydrates?
polar —> hydrophilic
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
- simple sugars 2. complex carbohydrates
What is the function of simple sugars?
fast energy
What are the two types of simple sugars?
monosaccharides, disaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?
one sugar
What are two examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose
What is a disaccharide?
2 sugars
What are two examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose
What are the three functions of complex carbohydrates?
- energy source 2. structural support 3. component of cell membranes
What is the one type of complex carbohydrates?
polysaccharides
What is a polysaccharide?
a chain of sugars
What are 5 examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, chitin
What do lipids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are the properties of lipids?
non polar –> hydrophobic
What are the three types of lipids?
- triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
What is the structure of triglycerides?
- glycerol 2. 3 fatty acid chains
What are the three functions of triglycerides?
- energy storage 2. insulation 3. protection
What are the two types of triglycerides?
saturated and unsaturated
What are three characteristics of saturated triglycerides?
no double bonds, tightly packed, solid at room temp
What are the three characteristics of unsaturated triglycerides?
contain double bonds, loosely packed, liquid at RT
What is the structure of phospholipids?
glycerol, phosphate group (polar), 2 fatty acid tails (non-polar)
What is the function of phospholipids?
membrane structure
What is the structure of steroids?
4 carbon rings with side chains, all derived from cholesterol
What are the three functions of steroids?
membrane fluidity, cellular communication and others
What are three examples of steroids?
Cholesterol, testosterone, vitamin d
What do proteins contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What is the structure of proteins?
chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, folded (polypeptide)
What are the 4 functions of proteins?
structural support, enzymatic activity, chemical messengers, receptors
What is the structure of amino acids?
central carbon, amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group: COOH, R group
What does the R group determine in an amino acid?
it determines the amino acid
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the primary level of a protein a sequence of?
amino acids
What bonds are involved on the primary level of amino acids?
peptide
What do secondary bonds look like?
localized repetitive twisting and folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheats
What do alpha helixes look like?
spirals
What do beta pleated sheets look like?
pleats
What bonds are involved in a secondary protein structure?
hydrogen (No R groups)
What do tertiary protein structures look like?
overall 3D structure
What bonds are involved in tertiary protein structure?
hydrogen, ionic, disulfide (R groups involved)
What do quaternary protein bonds look like?
multiple polypeptide chains binding together
What bonds are involved in quaternary protein structures?
hydrogen, ionic and disulfide
What molecules are involved in nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
What are the properties of nucleic acids?
polar –> Hydrophilic
What is the structure of a nucleic acid like?
Chain of nucleotides
What are the three functions of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information (DNA), DNA expression (RNA)< energy currency (ATP)
What are the three types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
What are the three characteristics of a nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
What are the two names for nitrogenous bases?
purine and pyrimidine
What are the two types of purine?
adenine, guanine
What are the three types of Pyrimidine?
cytosine, thymine and uracil
What are the base pairings?
a and t or a and u; g and c
What is DNA?
a double stranded helix
What sugar is found in DNA?
deoxyribose
Thymine binds to ___.
adenine
RNA is ____ stranded.
single
What sugar is found in RNA?
ribose
____ binds to adenine.
uracil
What are the three types of RNA?
rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
What is mRNA?
messeneger RNA, brings message from DNA to ribosome
What is tRNA?
transfer RNA, involved in protein synthesis
What is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome
What 3 things are found in ATP?
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
What is the function of ATP?
energy currency through 2 high energy bonds