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Year 1 ID > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name two advantages of a bacterial cell being small.

A

Increases rate of nutrients and waste in and out/ Higher growth rate for faster adaptation.

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2
Q

What are the typical structures of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cell wall (plus flagella, pilli), Cell membranes, Cytoplasm, Nuclear region.

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3
Q

What is in the cytoplasm?

A

Enzymes, regulatory proteins and protein synthesis machinery

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4
Q

What are the phospholipid membrane proteins functions?

A

Transport of nutrients, energy generation, secretion, synthesis of peptidoglycan, regulatory proteins

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5
Q

What are the two groups bacteria can be divided into based upon cell walls?

A

Gram- positive or gram- negative

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6
Q

What is meant by gram- positive?

A

The bacteria has retained the crystal violet-iodine complex

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7
Q

What is the difference in cell walls of gram positive and negative?

A

Gram positive- thick peptidoglycan layer, 1 cell membrane. Gram negative- inner and outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan layer

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8
Q

Name an example of gram- positive/negative bacteria

A

+ Streptococcus spp

- E.coli

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9
Q

What is peptidoglycan made from?

A

polysaccharide backbone of two sugar derivatives linked by peptide bridge. N-acetylglucosamine/ N-acetylmuramic acid.

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10
Q

Why is acid-fast staining used?

A

Acid fast microorganisms do not stain well

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11
Q

What are exampled of acid fast organisms?

A

M.Bovis and M.Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Why do acid fast bacteria not stain well?

A

Mycolic acid and lipids in the cell wall which interfere.

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13
Q

What is a mycoplasma?

A

Bacteria with no cell wall

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14
Q

What does a mycoplasma require externally?

A

Cholesterol, amino acids and fatty acids

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15
Q

What is the space between two membranes in a gram negative bacteria called?

A

Periplasm- where the peptidoglycan is

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16
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide?

A

an endotoxin which causes fever (pyrogenic) on the very outer layer of a gram negative bacteria

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17
Q

What are the three parts to a lipopolysaccharide?

A

O-antigen, core polysaccharide, Lipid A

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18
Q

What are cell surface structures?

A

Flagella, fimbriae and pilli, capsules.

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19
Q

What is the function of a flagella?

A

Motility of the cell

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20
Q

What are the function of fimbriea and pilli?

A

The hair like structures which attach to surfaces and for sexual reproduction by transferring plasmids

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21
Q

What is a capsule?

A

a discrete layer of polysaccharides outside the cell

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22
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

A less discrete structure which embeds the cell for attachment

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23
Q

What are phenotypic ways of classification?

A

Staining, cell morphology- cocci, oxygen requirements, culture properties, colony morphology

24
Q

What are genetic ways of classification?

A

DNA based, rRNA sequences

25
Q

Why can bacteria be incorrectly classified?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

26
Q

What is mycology?

A

The study of fungi

27
Q

What is a disease called caused by a fungus?

A

Mycoses

28
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic

29
Q

Are fungi aerobes?

A

All fungi are aerobes some are strict aerobes

30
Q

What is the optimum range of temperature for fungi growth?

A

20-30 degrees C

31
Q

Can fungi photosynthesise?

A

No they lack chlorophyll pigment

32
Q

where do fungi obtain their nutrients from?

A

Absorption from substrates they are living on

33
Q

Why are fungi non-motile?

A

They have rigid cell walls

34
Q

What is a fungi’s reproductive body called?

A

Spores

35
Q

What is a fungi’s cell wall made from?

A

Chitin

36
Q

What do fungi have instead of cholesterol?

A

Ergosterol

37
Q

What are the three main morphological forms of fungi?

A

Yeast, Mould, Dimorphic

38
Q

How do yeast reproduce?

A

Budding- a blip appears at the end of a cell and grows out unit it breaks away

39
Q

What is formed when yeast cells reproduce but the cell fails to detach?

A

A long chain of elongated cells forming pseudohyphae

40
Q

What are mould fungi composes of?

A

Hyphae which branch to form a network called a mycelium

41
Q

What appearance does mould have in a lab?

A

Large fluffy colonies, often with distinct pigmentation

42
Q

Where do hyphae on mould grow from?

A

Grow from their tips, new hyphae are formed by branching

43
Q

What are the two major types of asexual spore?

A

Sporangiospores and condia

44
Q

What are fungal spores important for?

A

identification, germination, spreading of fungi

45
Q

What are fungi important for?

A

Biodegradation, industrial fermentation, direct source of food, bioremediation- reduce concentration of toxicity, aggreculture (mycorrhizae)

46
Q

What are the three main causes of mycotic diseases?

A

True mycosis- tissue invasion, Mycotoxicoses- food products contaminated by fungi which produce toxins, Hypersensitivity- allergic reaction

47
Q

What is superficial mycosis?

A

Invasion of hair, skin, nails

48
Q

What is subcutaneous mycosis?

A

fungal invasion of the dermis often following penetration of foreign body

49
Q

What is systemic mycosis?

A

A group of fungal diseases that invade internal organs

50
Q

What type of mycosis causes ring worm?

A

Superficial mycosis (dermatophytes)

51
Q

What are geophilic, zoophilic and anthropophilic dermatophytes?

A

Geophilic- soil associated, Zoophilic- animals and humans, Anthropophilic- humans

52
Q

What are opportunistic fungi?

A

Infections of the body in patients whose normal defence is impaired

53
Q

What factors may allow opportunistic infection?

A

prolonged antibiotic therapy, underlying disease, breakdown of mucocutaneous barrier

54
Q

What are its most common forms of infection of aspergillosis?

A

Nasal in dogs, pulmonary infection in birds, mycotic in cattle, guttural pouch in horses

55
Q

What is mycotoxicosis?

A

Animal diseases caused by mycotoxins

Year 1 ID (3 decks)

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