Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Basis of Disease > Introduction To Leukaemia > Flashcards

Introduction To Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define leukemia

A

Malignant disorders of haematopoeitic stem cells associated with increased number of white blood cells in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does luekocytes include?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type pf stem cells are haemotopoeitc stem cells?

A

Multipotent - can give rise to cells of all blood lineage (not myeloid or lymphoid progenitor yet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do stem cells produce new stem cells?

A

Asymmetrical division so new cells have less potency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do progenitor cells dividie?

A

Divide to produce mature cells but not indefiinitely

Eventually must differentiate and mature (from asymmetrical division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

Unidiffereniated multipotent cells - cant tell morphology difference between diff progenitors but still give risk to diff types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does potency change through haematopoeisis?

A

Potency decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of disease is leukemia?

A

Cloncal disease - all malignant cells derived from single mutant stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many mutations are there causing leukemia?

A

1st mutation is oncogenic - on transcription factor causing constant self renewal - over proliferation - causes pre-leukemic state
2nd mutation needed for full leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does leukemia present? (cause of symptoms and what are the syptoms)

A

Symptoms vary but caused by Loss of normal blood cell production
Symptoms
- abnormal bruising
- repeating abnormal infection - due to loss of immune function with lower WBCs
- sometimes anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you diagnostic tests are done for leukemia? !!!!

A

Peripheral blood tests (PB) to check for presence of balsts and cytopenua (reduced number of mature red blood cells)
Bone marrow test/biopsy (BM) - taken from pelvic bone and compared to PB
Lumbar puncture - determines is leukemia has spread to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you look for molecular and pathophysiological charactersation of leukemia when diagnosiing ? (methods to find molecular marker)

A 
Cytomorpholoy
Immunophenotyping
Next generation sequencing (NGS)!!! to find causal variant
FISH
Flow cytometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of predisposing factors are there for leukemia?

A

genetic risk factors
Environmental risk factors
Lifestyle generated risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the genetic risk factors for leukemia?

A

Some rare genetic disease may predispose
Leukemia itself IS NOT hereditary apart from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Leukemia most often due to somatic mutations later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What rare genetic disease might predipsose to leukemia?

A

Fanconi’s anaemia

Down’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

another slide on egentic risk factors … oncogenes, tumour supressor genes and chromosme aberrations

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the environmental risk factors for leukemia?

A

Radiation exposure
Exposure to chemicals and chemotherapy
Immune system suppression

18
Q

What lifestyle factors may be risk factors for leuekemia?

A

Smoking
Drinking
Excessive exposure to sun
Overweight

19
Q

What are the 4 classifications of leukemia?

A 
Acute lymphoid (lymphoblastic) leukemia (ALL)
Acute myeloid (myeloblastic) leukemia (AML)
Chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)
Chronic myeloid  (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
20
Q

What is acute leukemia characterised by?

A

Uncontrolled clonal and accumulation of IMMATURE white blood cells (-blasts)

Lymphoblasts and myeloid blasts in bone marrow and blood

21
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

Rapid onset and short but severe course

22
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

Persisiting over long time

23
Q

How does chronic leukemia characterise?

A

Uncontrolled cloncal and accumulation of MATURE white blood cells (-cytes)

24
Q

What shows in the blood count for acute leukemia vs chronic leukemia?

A

Acute - high number of blasts and WBC count is variable

Chronic - high number of mature white blood cells so WBC count is high

25
Q

Who presents more with acute and who more with chronic leukemia?

A

Acute - children

Chronic - middle age to elderly

26
Q

How can we see which type of acute leukemia it is?

A

can’t

still immature so cant tell if myeloid and lymphoid lineage

27
Q

Which type of acute leukemia is more common?

A

ALL

28
Q

Which leukemia is referred to undiffereniatied leukemia?

A

acute leukemia

29
Q

What is the mechanism of acute leukemia?

A

Normallly blasts cells maure into mature cells then go through cell death at end of cell life

In leukemia, cell death doesnt happen inturn causing large blast cell pool (too many mature cells so blasts accumulate unable to differentiate into mature cells)

30
Q

What are the typical symptoms of acute leukemia? and what is it caused by?

A

caused by bone marrow suppression

  • thrombocytopenia - purpura (bruising), epistaxis (nose bleeds) and bleeding from gums
  • Neutropenia - recurrent infection and fever
  • Anaemia - weakness, tiredness and shortness of breath
31
Q

What is the classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

B cell and T cell leukemia

32
Q

What is the treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy

33
Q

How is acute myeloblastic leukemia classified?

A

FAB system into M0-M7

34
Q

What is the treatment for acute myeloblastic leukemia?

A

Chemotherpay, monoclonal antibodies in immunotherapy and allongeneic bone marrow transplant

35
Q

What is differentiated leukemia?

A

Chronic leukemia because characterised with increased number of differentiated / mature cells

36
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Recurrent infections due to nuetropenia, suppression of normal lymphocyte function, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, lymph node enlargement and hepatosplenomegaly

37
Q

What is the treatment for chronic leukemia?

A

Regular chemotherpay to reduce cell numbers

38
Q

What are the symptoms for chronic myeloid/granulocytic leukemia?

A

Often asymptomatic, discovered through routine blood tests

39
Q

How do you diagnose with chronic granulocytic.myeloid leukemia? !!

A

High white cell counts (nuetrophila) in blood and bone marrow
Presence of phildelphia chromosome

40
Q

What si the treatment for chronic meyloid/granulocytic leukemia?!!!!!

A

Targted therapy - imatinib

41
Q

In which leukemia type is detectale philadeliphia chromosome found?

A

CML

42
Q

What is the philadeliphia chromosome formed by?

A

Chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 joining the ABL on 9 with BCR on 22

Molecular Basis of Disease (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions