INTRODUCTION TO HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
In year _______ He was one of the first
scientists to describe “worms” in the blood.
Athanasius Kircher - 1657
Athanasius Kircher was a ____, _______, ________
German Jesuit scholar,
polymath, and physician.
In his work, he made
observations about various aspects of the natural
world and is often considered one of the founders
of microscopy.
Athanasius Kircher
In year ________ A Dutch scientist,
is known for his groundbreaking work in
microscopy
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 1674
Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed and described
____________ under a microscope,
providing one of the earliest recorded observations
of these cells.
Red blood cells (RBC)
He is often referred to as the “father
of microbiology” for his contributions to the field of
microscopy and microbiology.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
An Italian physician and
pathologist, made significant contributions to the field
of hematology.
Giulio Bizzozero - late 1800’s
Giulio Bizzozero described
platelets as ___________ recognizing their role in
blood clotting.
“petites plaques,”
His work laid the foundation for our
understanding of platelet function in hemostasis.
Giulio Bizzozero
In year _______ a pathologist and
hematologist, known for his contributions to blood cell
staining techniques.
James Homer Wright (1902)
he developed the Wright
stain, a __________ that revolutionized the
field of hematology.
Romanowsky-type stain - James homer wright
This stain allowed for better
visualization and differentiation of various blood cell
types under the microscope.
Wright stain
Wright’s stain, which is a
mixture of ______ and _________became a
cornerstone in blood cell identification and continues
to be an essential tool in modern hematology
laboratories.
acidic and basic dyes
His work significantly improved the
accuracy of blood cell morphology analysis.
James Homer Wright
etymology of hematology
haimo and logia
In greek word haimo means ______ while in Latin logia means
blood and the study of
___________ it is a specialized body fluid.
Blood
Blood has four main components:
plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Give me one different function of blood
● transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
● forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
● carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
● bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the
blood
● regulating body temperature
Characteristic of blood is ______ and viscous
Thick and viscous
Characteristic of blood is Fluid (in ____) red in color
● Fluid (in vivo) red in color
Characteristic of blood is Slightly _______ [pH 7.35 – 7.45]
● Slightly alkaline [pH 7.35 – 7.45]
what is the specific gravity of blood
● S.G. 1.045 – 1.065
What is the percentage of total body weight
7 – 8% of the total body weight Total volume
what is the Liter of urine if male and female
[M = 5-6 L; F = 4-5 L]
What is the percentage of blood?
8%
What is the percentage of other body fluids and tissues?
92%
What is the yellow portion of centrifuged sample of blood?
Plasma
What is the other red portion of centrifuged sample of blood?
Formed elements
The percentage of plasma in blood is ?
55%
The percentage of formed elements is?
45%
Whole blood is percentage by ________
volume
plasma is percentage by ________
weight
The percentage of proteins is ?
7%
The percentage of water?
91%
percentage of other solutes
2%
The percentage of leukocytes and platelets
lesser than 1 <1
The percentage of erythrocytes
> 99%
The percentage of albumin
57%
The percentage of globulin
38%
The percentage of fibrinogen
4%
The percentage of prothrombin
1%
Other solutes
Ions
Nutrients
waste products
Gas
regulatory substances
INWGR
Give me the three Granulocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Give me the three Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
T cell and B cell
Complete blood count (CBC), which includes:
● White blood cell count (WBC)
● Red blood cell count (RBC)
● Platelet count
● Hematocrit red blood cell volume (HCT)
● Hemoglobin concentration (HB). This is the
oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
● Differential white blood count
● Red blood cell indices (measurements)
Lack, without,
abent,
decreased
a-/an-
Unequal,
dissimilar
Aniso-
before
Ante-
slow
Brady-
cell
Cyto-
through
Dia-
Abnormal,
difficult/bad
Dys-
red
Erythro-
iron
Ferr-
Pertaining to
blood
Hemo-
Above, beyond,
extreme
Hyper-
Beneath, under,
deficient/decreased
Hypo-
Equal/alike,
same
Iso
white
Leuko-
Large, long
Macro-
Bad/abnormal
Mal-
Large, giant
Mega-
After/next, change
Meta-
One
Mono-
shape
Morph-
From the BM,
spinal cord
Myel/o-
all/overall,
all/inclusive
Pan
Vein
Phleb-
Eat/ingest
Phago-
Varied, irregular
Poikilo-
Split
Schis-
hard
Scler-
spleen
Splen-
Clot, thrombus
Thromb/o-
yellow
Xanth-
primitive
-blast
cell
-cyte
Excision, cut out
-ectomy
blood
-emia
inflammation
-itis
Destruction,
dissolving
-lysis
Study of
-logy
Swelling, tumor
-oma
disease
-opathy
state/condition,
increase
-osis
Decrease, lack
of
-penia
Attracted to,
affinity for
-phil(ic)
Cell production
or repair
-plasia
Cell production,
formation, dev’t
-poiesis
Stimulates
producition
-poietin
Same, standing
still
-stasis
nourishment
-trophy
Aniso + cyt + osis
anisocytosis
A + plasia
aplasia
An + emia
anemia
Dys + myelo + poiesis
dysmyelopoiesis
Pan + myel(o) + osis
panmyelosis
→ bright red (oxygenated)
● Arterial blood
→ dark red (unoxygenated)
● Venous blood
Dark, very granular/ grainy texture
Basophil
Purple or pink grainy exterior, two-lobed nucleus
Eosinophil
Multi-lobed segmented nucleus
Neurophil
C-shaped nucleus immature neutrophil, seen in acute infections
Band (or stab) cell
Very large nucleus with almost the same size of RBCs
Lymphocyte
Kidney-shaped nucleus
Monocyte
Smaller compared to RBCs and WBCs
Platelet
Red blood cells, pink flat donut shaped with indented center
Erythrocyte
formerly called T delayed hypersensitivity
Th1
original T helper
Th2
It is a supressor: known as T regulatory
Th3
found in unclotted, anticoagulated
Plasma
found in clotted, coagulated blood
Serum
dark red in color; unoxygenated
venous blood
bright red in color; oxygenated
arterial blood
produces blue to purple color bind to acid nuclei
methylene blue (azure) - basic dye
produces red color - bind to alkaline cytoplasm
eosin Y - acid dye
What are the factors why female have lesser RBC count than males
females have menstrual cycles monthly
body structures of males is bigger
Hormonal contribution
The average of human posseses ____ liters of blood
5 liters
Blood transport oxygen from ______ to ________
lungs to tissues
Blood transport _______, _____, ______ and moves wastes to the _____ and ________
glucose, proteins and fats - liver and kidney
The liquid portion is ________, which among many components provides _______ that protects vessel from trauma and maintain circulation
plasma - coagulation enzymes
_______ transport and nourishes blood cells
Plasma
What are the three categories of blood cells
WBC, RBC, Platelets
_________ is the study of blood cells
Hematology
By expertly _____, _______, _____ and _______
staining, counting, analyzing and recording
___________ is able to predict, detect and diagnose blood disease
medical laboratory scientist or technician
_________ rely on hematology laboratory test results to select and monitor therapy for these disorders; consequently a ______ is ordered on nearly everyone who visits a physician or hospital
Physician / CBC
is performed on automated hematology profiling instruments and includes the RBC, WBC, and platelets measurements
Complete blood counts (CBC)
The medical laboratory professional to collect a blood specimen for the CBC
Specimen collection
The specimen must be of sufficient volume as ______ result in incorrect anticoagulant to specimen ratios
Short draws
There are three categories of bloof cells
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cell (Leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
________ is the study of cells
Hematology
The specimen must be accurately registered in the work list
may be automated relying on bar code
frequency identification of technology
Accessioning
Two types of specimen collection
out-patient department and in-patient department
Most laboratories employ automated profiling instruments to generate CBC
Processing
When one of the results from the profiling instrument is abnormal the instrument provides an indication of this sometimes called
Flag
In this case a medical technologist should know how to manually process each parameter in order to counter ________
Check flags
Give me the 8 RBC parameters
RBC count
HGB
HCT
MCV
MCHC
MCH
RDW
RETIC
Give me the 5 parameters of WBC
WBC count
NEUT COUNT
LYMPH COUNT
MONO COUNT
EO AND BASO COUNT
2 platelets parameter
PLT count
MPV
__________ are anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled with reddish protein hemoglobin which transports ____ and ________
Red blood cells
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Historically, microscopists counted RBCs by carefully pipetting a tiny aliquot of whole blood and mixing it with _________
0.85% normal saline
_________ was typical for RBC counts and a glass pipette designed to provide this dilution
1:200 dilution
________ was routinely used until the advent of automation
Thoma pipette
___________ are loosely related category of cell types dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury
White blood cells
___________are only 2-4 um in diameter; round, oval or anucleate
PLATELETS
platelets sometimes called as ________
cell fragments
Hemoglobin an aliquot is whole blood is mixed with a measured volume of ______
Drabkin reagent
Hemoglobin is converted to stable ________
cyanmethemoglobin (hemoglobincyanide)
__________ is the ratio of volume of packed RBC
Hematocrit
The medical laboratory professional may use the three numerical results
RBC INDICES
reflects RBC diameter on a wright stained blood film
MCV - mean corpuscular volume
expressed in g/dl reflects in RBC staining intensity and amount of central pallor
MCHC - Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration
_______-in picograms (pg) express the mass of hemoglobin and parallels in mCHC
MCH - ,mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Give me the calculation of MCV
hct /RBC X 10
Give me the calculation of MCHC
hgb/RBC X 10
Give me the calculation of MCH
hgb/Hct X 100
Red blood cell volume in millions per ________
microliter
Hematocrit in _________
percent
Hemglobin in grams per _________
deciliter
To accomplish a BFE the microscopist should prepare a ______
Wedge-prep
__________ are phagocytotic cells whose major purpose is to englulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign materials
Neutrophils
_________ are less fifferentiatred or less mature neutrophils
BANDS
________ refers to their multilobed nuclei
segmented - neutrophils
_________are cells with bright orange red regular cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
__________are cells with dark purple irregular cytoplasmic granules
Basophils
basophils contains _______ and _______
histamines and various proteins
__________ are the largest of white blood cells and nearlty size of RBC
monocytes
do not have kidney bean shape and smaller
lymphocytes
OSHA
CLSI
DHHS
CAP
The joint commission
occupational safety and health administration
clinical and laboratory standards institute
Department of health and human services
college american pathologists
The joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations
________ is one of the most important safety practices
handwashing
__________must be washed with soap and water
if water is not available _____ may be used
Hands - alcohol at least 62%minimum
what are the four occupational hazards
- fire hazards
- chemical hazards
- Electrical hazards
- Needle punctures
give me the sites that need to be avoided
Burns, scars, tattoos
Damaged veins
Edema
Hematoma
Mastectomy
IV line, cannula, fistula
6 - BDEHMI
Ask the patient their full name and compare the information on the request form
Conscious patients ( out patient)
Ask the patient their full name and compare the information bracelet and request form
Conscious patient - in patient
Awaken sleeping patient before attempting venipuncture
Sleeping patient
Enter the skin with needle at approx _________
30 degree angle bevel up
Put on gloves cleanse the venipuncture site with _______
70% isopropyl alcohol
Give me the order of draw
Stop yellow
Light blue
Red
Gold
Light green
Green
Lavender
Gray
Properly recap the needle using _____
Fishing out
Warning signs perspiration beads on the forehead
Hyperventilation, loss of color
Syncope
Fainting
Vasogal syncope
Experience hypoglycemia because they fasted
Diabetic shock
Px become unconscious and exhibit mild to violent
Convulsions
Serum/plasma that contains large amounts of bilirubin
Px presents with jaundice
Icteric
Serum/plasma contains large amounts of fats and lipids
May be due to px not fasting
Lipemic
Serum/plasma contaminated with RBC contents
Hemolyzed
Capillary puncture procedures
Lancet/incision devices
Finger puncture
Heel puncture
Laser lancet
Composition of capillary blood
Arterial blood
Venous blood
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Fleshy area, slightly off center, perpendicular to whorls of fingerprint
Finger puncture
Medial or lateral plantar surface
Heel puncture
Test that can be performed by capillary puncture
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Coagulation studies that requires plasmabllod cultures
Tests that require large volume of blood
Order of the draw
Slides
EDTA specimens
Other additives specimens
Serum specimens
Gold inversion
5
Light green inversion
8
Red inversion
5
Orange inversion
5-6
Orange inversion
8
Royal Blue inversion
8
Green inversion
8 inversion
Gray inversion
8
Tan inversion
8
Yellow inversion
8
White inversion
8
Pink inversion
8
Light blue inversion
3-4
Clear inversion
0
