INTRODUCTION TO HAEMATOLOGY LECTURE

Question 1

front

Answer 1

back

Question 2

What is the medical term for too many RBCs?

Answer 2

Polycythaemia

Question 3

Define anaemia.

Give the 3 main types of classification and examples of causes for each.

Answer 3

Reduced haemoglobin for age and sex.Classification:

• microcytic: iron deficiency, thalassaemia
• Normocytic: bone marrow failure, aplastic anaemia, chronic disorders, renal disease
• Macrocytic: vitamin b12 or folate deficiency

Question 4

Commonest causes of anaemia in the world?

Answer 4

Causes:
Chronic blood loss

• menstruation, GI blood loss
  Poor diet
• mainly in children
  Malabsorption
• minor cause
  Inability to digest iron and b12 may result in a mixed anaemia

Question 5

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Answer 5

Hypochromic, microcytic red cells in iron deficiency anaemia

Question 6

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anaemia?

Answer 6

Treat underlying causeIron tablets: ferrous sulphate 200mg/day

Question 7

{{5 0 0.png}}WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSIS?

What does the bone marrow do to compensate for this disease?

Answer 7

Sickle cell diseaseIn SCA the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of blood cells to compensate. These cells can sometimes have their nucleus still remaining

Question 8

What is aplastic anaemia?What are some causes of it?What are the treatment options for it?

Answer 8

Rare syndrome characteried by loss of haemopoiesis in the marrowCauses: idiopathic, drugs, post-viral, radiationTreatment: immunosuppression, bone marrow transplant

Question 9

What is the cause of megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 9

Vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency are associated with very large erythroblasts in the bone marrow. These cells are called megaloblasts

Question 10

What is the cause of sub-acute spinal column degeneration?

Answer 10

Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, also known asLichtheim’s disease,[1][2]refers to degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns of thespinal cordas a result ofvitamin B12deficiency(most common),vitamin E deficiency,[3]andcopper deficiency.[4]It is usually associated withpernicious anemia.

Question 11

Function of the neutrophil?Function of the eosinophil?
Function of the lymphocyte?
Function of the monocyte?

Answer 11

Neutrophil= protection against bacteriaEosinophil= protection against parasitesLymphocyte= cellular immunityMonocyte= phagocytosis

Question 12

The reed-sternberg cell defines what condition?

Answer 12

Hodgkins lymphoma

Question 13

Define myeloma.How does it present?

Answer 13

Malignancy of plasma cells that produce a monoclonal immunoglobulin called paraprotein. Myeloma is incurable.PT presents with

• renal failure
• bone pain
• anaemia

Question 14

{{12 0 0.png}}What is this? Why does it look like this?

Answer 14

Malignant group of plasma cells (myeloma)Perinuclear pallor, enormous numbers of Golgi bodies producing paraprotein.

Question 15

Clonal
proliferations of stem cells which lead
to a hypercellular bone
marrow with increased:

Red cells=????
Platelets=??????
White cells=????
Reactive fibrosis=????

Answer 15

Polycythaemiaessential thrombocythaemiaChronic myeloid leukaemiamyelofibrosis

Question 16

What patterns of bleeding are usually observed in vascular/platelet abnormalities and coagulation disorders?

Answer 16

Vascular/platelet= tend to lead to mucosal or skin bleeding. Purpura or bruising and oral/GI bleedingCoagulation disorders= tend to bleed into joints and muscles

Question 17

What is hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia?

Answer 17

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(HHT), also known as Osler–Weber–Rendu disease and Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and often in organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain.