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Cardiovascular and haemotology > introduction to haematology > Flashcards

introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

composition of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

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2
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

generation of blood cells

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3
Q

what is haemostasis

A

control of clot formation

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4
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments found in bloodstream, has receptors to bind to factors that help clotting

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5
Q

what is plasma

A

fluid part of blood

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6
Q

amount of blood a person has depends on

A

size, concentration of ions, amount of adipose tissue, females usually have less

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7
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erthrocytes

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8
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of red blood cells

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10
Q

what do blood cells do

A

transport oxygen around the body

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11
Q

shape of red blood cells

A

biconcave shape, no nucleus

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12
Q

what is haemoglobin and what are the 3 types and what they do

A

pigment in rbc

oxyhaemoglobin- carries oxygen, bright red

deoxyhaemoglobin- doesnt carry oxygen, darker red

carboxyhaemoglobin- carries carbon dioxide

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13
Q

what causes anemia

A

low rbc count

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14
Q

what regulates production of red blood cells

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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15
Q

types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

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16
Q

composition of granulocytes and their functions

A

neutrophils- destory bacteria, virus and toxins in bloodstream

eosinophils- gets rid of parasitic infections

basophils- controls inflammation and allergic reactions

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17
Q

what do basophils do

A

controls inflammation and allergic reactions

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18
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood

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19
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

get rid of parasitic infections

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20
Q

composition of agranulocytes and what they do

A

monocytes- destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood

lymphocytes- provide immunity for the body (production of antibodies, cell killing etc.)

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21
Q

what do monocytes do

A

destroy bacteria, viruses and toxins that enter the blood

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22
Q

what do lymphocytes do

A

provide immunity for the body like producing antibodies and killing cells

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23
Q

difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

granulocytes exist in the cytoplasm in forms of granules and have 4 lobes and agranulocytes have no granules and are single lobed

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24
Q

what is caused when a patient has elevated wbc count

A

leukocytosis

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25
what is caused when someone has low wbc count
leukopenia
26
what is leukocytosis and what can cause it
elevated white blood cell count, due to infection
27
what is leukopenia and what can cause it
low white blood cell count, due to viral infections
28
another name for platelets
thrombocytes
29
composition of plasma and some examples
water proteins- albumin, globulin fibrinogen- blood clotting nutrients- amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, lipid gas- oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen electrolytes waste products
30
what do the protein in blood plasma do
bind/transport hormones and drugs, involved in volume regulation
31
what is haematopoiesis
generation of blood cells from a common stem cell,
32
where does haematopoiesis occur in adults and fetuses
bone marrow of adults liver and spleen in fetus
33
what regulates haematopoiesis
hormones and cytokines -erythropoietin, granulocyte
34
what is haemostasis
physiological control of bleeding
35
why must an injured blood vessel clot
prevent blood loss and allow healing
36
why must clot formation remain localised
prevent widespread clotting with intact vessels
37
what are the stages of haemostasis
primary- platelet plug formation secondary- clotting cascade
38
what happens before primary haemostasis occurs
localised vasoconstriction
39
process of haemostasis
1. constriction of blood vessel (vasoconstriction) 2. formation of temporary platelet plug 3. clotting cascade 4. formation of fibrin plug
40
role of platelets in haemostasis
-adhere to exposed sub endothelial matric -activation of platelets involve change in shape and releasing secretory granule contents -secreted granule substance recruit other more platelets to adhere to site of injury
41
what is platelet adhesion mediated by
vWF (von willebrand factor)- large protein secreted by activated platelets and injured endothelium and binds both to surface receptors on platelets and exposed collagen platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI)- interacts with collagen in exposed vessel wall
42
what is required for the initiation of primary haemostasis
GPIV and vWF and collagen interaction
43
how are more platelets activated
activated platelets change shape and release granules to activate more platelets
44
what regulates platelet recruitment and aggregation
the release of soluble platelet factors like ADP and thromboxane ADP- makes platelets become sticky and adhere to each other thromboxane- vasoconstrictor
45
another name for secondary heamostasis
coagulation cascade
46
what initiates coagulation cascade
tissue factor complexes with coagulation factors
47
what is the result of coagulation cascade
activation of thrombin
48
function of thrombin in haemostasis
-converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymer that forms matrix of the clot -induces more platelet recruitment and activation
49
mechanisms the endothelium around the injured area participates in to stop haemostasis
prostacyclin - blocks platelet aggregation and adhesion heparin and antithrombin- inhibits thrombin protein C and S- blocks activation factors in clotting cascade tissue factor pathway inhibitor- blocks/limits tissue factor action tissue type plasminogen activator- converts plasminogen to plasmin which brakes down fibrin
50
what is hypercoagulability
increased tendency of blood to thrombose, abnormally heightened coagulation response to vascular injury
51
causes of thrombosis
endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulability
52
possible causes of endothelial injury
changes in shear stress associated with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, elevated blood glucose, traumatic vascular injury
53
what is thrombosis
local coagulation/clotting of blood, pathological extension of haemostasis
54
what can cause hypercaogulability
genetic or acquired disorders
55
name the 3 type of drugs that prevent/reverse thrombus formation and give examples
antiplatelet agents- ADP receptor inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, antagonists of GP anticoagulants- warfarin, heparin thrombolytic agents- streptokinase, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
56
how are blood types differenciated
distinguished by the antigens on surface of red blood cells and antibodies in plasma
57
what is agglutination and how does it work
clumping of red blood cells, antigens on rbc surface bind to antibodies in plasma
58
why is it important to know blood type
transfusions
59
name the 4 blood groups
A, B, AB, O
60
precise grouping of blood type depends on
-presence/absence of 2 antigens (A or B on the surface) -respective antibodies in the plasma (anti-A or anti-B) different combinations of these give different groups
61
why are transfusions done
patient suffered significant blood loss or has conditions like anaemia
62
what happens to donated blood
its separated into red blood cells and plasma
63

Cardiovascular and haemotology (11 decks)

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