Heart overview

Question 1

types of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 1

-hypotension
-coronary heart disease=blocked/reduced flow of blood to heart
-peripheral arterial disease=blocked arteries in limbs
-strokes/TIAs (transient ischaemic attacks)=blood flow to brain cut off, haemorrhagic)

Question 2

what does haemorrhagic mean

Answer 2

burst of weakened blood vessels

Question 3

what is peripheral arterial disease

Answer 3

blocked arteries in limbs

Question 4

what does TIA stand for

Answer 4

transient ischaemic attack

Question 5

what is hypotension

Answer 5

high blood pressure

Question 6

causes of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 6

modifiable-smoking, diabetes, obesities, alcohol, diet
genetics- family history, ethnic background, age, gender

Question 7

goals of treatment

Answer 7

-preventive (symptoms/disease)
-curative (return to healthy state)
-manage symptoms (maximise quality of life)
-palliative (provide comfort/relief, less suffering)

Question 8

what does unmet medical needs mean

Answer 8

a condition which treatment is not adequately addressed by existing treatments

Question 9

what blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs

Answer 9

pulmonary artery

Question 10

what blood vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart

Answer 10

pulmonary vein

Question 11

why does the blood pressure decrease when blood is further away from the heart

Answer 11

because of friction from the blood vessel walls

Question 12

describe what the pulmonary circulation does

Answer 12

oxygenation, removes carbon dioxide

Question 13

describe what the systematic circulation does

Answer 13

distribute, gas exchange, waste removal

Question 14

structure of the heart

Answer 14

epicardium- fibrous and serous layers
myocardium- myocytes
endocardium- endothelium like blood vessel lining
valves- atrioventricular, semilunar
chambers

Question 15

what does serous mean

Answer 15

lubricated

Question 16

what are intercalated discs

Answer 16

fibres formed by individuals cells joined end to end by specialised junctions

Question 17

why are intercalated discs important

Answer 17

ensure tight interactions and mediated electrical coupling

Question 18

what is actin

Answer 18

thin filament

Question 19

what is myosin

Answer 19

thick filament

Question 20

how do filaments create contractions and what do they depend on

Answer 20

slide over each other, depends on CA+ conc
(synaptic transmission)

Question 21

what is a sarcomere

Answer 21

unit of muscle that contracts, is made of actin and myosin

Question 22

how are contractions synchronised

Answer 22

via intercalated cells and junctions between them, the junctions ensure the cardiac muscle functions as a syncytium (single cell)

Question 23

list the 5 components that make up a sarcomere

Answer 23

Z line- demark each sarcomere
M line- middle of sarcomere made of myosin
I band- only actin, between 2 sarcomeres
H band- azne around M line
A band- length of myosin

Question 24

what is the sinoatrial node

Answer 24

cardiac pace maker, intrinsic auto-rythmicity

Question 25

what path do impulses take

Answer 25

wave of excitation, SAN,AVN, myocytes via purkinje fibres and bundle of HIS

Question 26

two types of nervous systems

Answer 26

central and peripheral

Question 27

what is systole and diastole

Answer 27

systole is contract and diastole is relax

Question 28

two types of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 28

somatic(conscious) and autonomic(non-voluntary)