cell structure Flashcards
why is it important to learn about cell structure
disease/ treatments act here, drug development, personalised medicine/diagnosis/screenings
what are diseases
result of alterations of regulation/structures of molecules
describe what cells are in general terms
highly organised basic units of life
what is classification of cells based on and name the 3 classifications
the presence of membrane around genetic material
-eukaryotes: defined nuclear structure
-prokaryotes: not defined
-virus: require host cell to replicate
function of the cytoplasm
semi-solid fluid, all contents outside nucleus, site of metabolic reactions
function of the cytosol
water bit of the cytoplasm
function of the nucleus
contains enzymes/proteins for DNA regulation, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope (double membrane), nuclear pores in the envelope for passage of small molecules, nuclear laminar (network of proteins for structural integrity)
what is nuclear laminar
network of proteins in the nucleus for structural integrity
structures of nucleus
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin material
structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum
make proteins, network of flattened sacs/tubules of membrane, posttranslational modification on proteins
rough ER- ribosomes attached, protein synthesis, near nucleus
smooth ER- no ribosomes, further away
function and structure of the golgi apparatus/complex
transports/sorts/processes proteins/lipids, stacks of flat smooth membrane/sacs/vesicles
cis- receives protein/lipid from ER
stack- processes them
trans- delivery of proteins
function of mitochondria
main energy/ATP supply, double membrane that contains enzymes from ETC/krebs cycle/ oxidation, own genetic material, inherited from mother, contains extrachromosomal DNA
function of lysosomes
breakdown harmful material using lysozymes, acidic environments, involved in phagocytosis
function of peroxixomes
does reduction and oxidation reactions
function of ribosomes
protein synthesis (translation), eukaryotes have 80s and prokaryotes have 70s, rRNA fold to make 3D ribosomal structure
function and structure of cytoskeleton
internal scaffolding and cell structure, composed of filamentous protein, micro/intermediate filaments and microtubules
function of cytoplasmic membrane
phospholipid bilayer, regulates movement in and out cell
where does ATP synthesis occur in bacteria
cytoplasmic membrane
where is extra chromosomal DNA stored
mitochondria
where is rRNA stored
nucleus
difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotes- membrane bound DNA, nuclear pores, diploid (2 copies of chromosomes), larger genome, 80s ribosomes, no cell wall sometimes, distinct cytoskeleton, membrane bound vesicles carry out specific roles (mitochondria, ER, golgi)
prokaryotes- not membrane bound, haploid (singular circular chromosome), smaller genome, extra DNA for antibiotic resistance, less membrane bound organelles, main respiration site is ETC, 70s ribosome, cell wall, less cytoskeleton
anatomy of a virus
capsid- protects viral genome
capsomer- protects genome material and holds enzymes
attachment proteins
difference between a naked and enveloped virus
naked- only capsid
enveloped- capsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer (envelope) from host cell which holds viral proteins
what is a virus
microorganism, needs to host cell to live/replicate, highly adaptable, infects cell and replicates using host cell, simple genome, lots of variation, reverse transcription (making DNA from RNA) is how they replicate
give an example of a naked virus
hepatitis A, polio
give an example of a enveloped virus
corona virus, influenza, HIV
