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2.2 Haematology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

Branch of medical science concerned with diseases of the blood and blood forming tissues

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2
Q

Name two anticoagulants

A

Warfrin
DOACs

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3
Q

Why do we no longer use warfrin

A

It was easy to overdose on
Need to monitor its levels
Had bad side effects

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4
Q

Why do we now use DOACs

A

No monitoring needed

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5
Q

Give an example of a targeted therapy

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors -> Gleevek for chronic myeloid leukemia

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6
Q

How does Gleevek work?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

CML caused by hyper reactive tyrosine kinase

98% of people with chronic myeloid leukemia have this mutation

This allows people to live with this condition

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7
Q

What is bone marrow and what is it’s job

A

Soft tissue located inside hollow bones responsible for the production and maturation of blood cells

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8
Q

What is peripheral blood

A

The blood that is contained within the circulatory system

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9
Q

What is haemostasis

A

The interplay of cellular and molecular processes that maintain blood fluidity and also generate blood clots at sites of injury. regulate clot formation and degrade clots

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10
Q

List the causes of anaemia
(5)

A

Iron deficiency

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Hereditary conditions

Acute or chronic blood loss

Other diseases e.g. malignancy

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11
Q

When might levels of wbcs be altered?

A

Infection

Leukaemia

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12
Q

What may cause increased levels of mature wbcs

A

Bacterial, viral and fungal infections

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13
Q

What may cause increased levels of immature wbcs

A

Leukaemia

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14
Q

What may cause decreased levels of immature wbcs
(3)

A

Medications
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
Aplastic anaemia

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15
Q

What two events may affect haemostasis

A

Haemorrhage

Thrombosis

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16
Q

Why might we need to monitor blood homeostasis

A

Diagnosing bleeding and thrombotic disorders

Monitoring anticoagulant therapy

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17
Q

List some examples of haematological disorders
(4)

A

Glandular fever

Leukaemia

Haemophilia

Iron deficiency anaemia

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18
Q

Why might we carry out blood films or FBCs

A

Detection of anaemia, morphology, infection or inflammation

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19
Q

What test do we use to measure haemostasis

A

Coagulation tests

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20
Q

Give an example of a haematological neoplasm

A

Leukaemia

21
Q

What two vacutainers do we see most in the haematology lab

A

Blue
Purple

22
Q

What may a purple vacutainer be used for?

A

Whole blood

23
Q

What may a blood vacutainer be used for

A

It’s for coagulation tests -> contains sodium citrate anti-coagulant

24
Q

What might go wrong when using blue vacutainers

A

The clinician must fill up the vacutainer to the line -> if they don’t there will be way too much anti-coagulant

25
Q

What does the purple vacutainer contain

A

EDTA
Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid

26
Q

For what tests do we use blood in a purple vacutainer

A

FBC
Blood film
Malaria parasites
Reticulocytes
Red cell folate
Monospot

27
Q

Why is sodium citrate and not EDTA used in the blue vacutainers

A

Sodium citrate is a reversible anticoagulant

28
Q

For what test may we use blood from a blue vacucontainer
(3)

A

Coagulation screen including platelet function

Factor assays

Thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen assay

29
Q

How do we obtain a bone marrow sample

A

Bone marrow aspiration

Bone marrow trephine

30
Q

What is bone marrow aspiration

A

Push a heavy duty needle into a particular bone e.g. pelvis

31
Q

What is bone marrow trephine

A

Obtain a larger sample of bone that will include bone tissue as well as bone marrow/biopsy of tissue from the hip

32
Q

List some tests used in the haematology lab
(8)

A

Blood film

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Coagulation screening

Monospot

Malaria screening

Full Blood count

Genetic testing

Haemoglobin variant detection

Haematinic assays

33
Q

What may be detected using a full blood count
(6)

A

Anaemia

Bacterial infection

Viral infection

Allergic reactions

Platelet associated bleeding disorders

Leukaemia or lymphoma

34
Q

What can we monitor using a full blood count

A

Monitor treatment

Monitor bone marrow response to chemotherapy

35
Q

List six investigative laboratory techniques

A

Spectrometry

Impedance

Flow cytometry

Light microscopy

Immunoassays

Genetic/molecular biology

36
Q

What do we use a spectrometer to detect

A

used to obtain haemoglobin result

37
Q

How do we detect haemoglobin used a spectrometer

A

Detergent destroys the rbc membrane to release haemoglobin

Add Drabkin’s solution

Haemoglobin converted to cyanmethaemoglobin

Use Beer Lambert Law to determine the concentration of Hb

38
Q

What is Beer Lamberts Law

A

Density of colour is proportional to the Hb present in the sample

39
Q

What is the principle of impedance
(3)

A

Relies on the ability of an ionic fluid to assist the passage of electricity from one electrode to another

This passage can be interrupted by particles

The higher the number of cells the greater the frequency of disturbances in the flow of electricity

40
Q

We can use impedance to count what cell types

A

RBCs
WBCS
Platelets

41
Q

What is the principle of flow cytometry
(4)

A

It relies on the disruption of a laser

The degree to which laser is interrupted (forward scatter) is proportional to size of cell

The degree to which light is scattered obliquely (side scattered light) is proportional to cell granularity

Frequency of interruption relates to cell number

42
Q

Why might we use a flow cytometer

A

Differentiate and count wbcs

43
Q

How do we use a flow cytometer to differentiate and count WBCs

A

Antibodies conjugated to a flurochrome to quantify cell subtypes

44
Q

What diagnosis could be made using a flow cytometer

A

White cell malignancies

Red cell disorders

Platelet disorders

45
Q

Why might we use a light microscope
(5)

A

Examination of blood cell morphology

Quality check in FBC

Manual differential counts

Identify parasites

Identify disease

46
Q

When might we use immunoassays

A

Not commonly used -> usually only as follow up tests

Used to measure plasma concentrations of various proteins e.g. those involved in coagulation

47
Q

Give three examples of immunoassays used

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Latex immunoassays

Immunophelometry

48
Q

When would genetics be used in the haematology lab

A

Recently the role of certain genes have been noted in diseases

e.g. CML caused by BCR-ABL mutations

2.2 Haematology (38 decks)

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