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Blood Disorders > Introduction To Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction To Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all blood cells come from

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What cells are blood cells derived from

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What are the site of haemopoiesis during embryogenesis

A

Yolk sac

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4
Q

At birth what is the site for haemopoeisis

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

In certain condition what is the major site for haemopoiesis

A

Liver

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6
Q

When can you have too few red blood cells

A

Hereditory haemoglobinopathies

Acquired secondary anaemia e.g iron, vitamin b12 or folate deficiency, autoimmune hameolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia

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7
Q

When can you have too many/dysfunctional

A

Hereditory haemochomatosis due to iron overload

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8
Q

When can you have too few/dysfunctional white cells

A

Rare congenital anaemias
Acquired seconday deficiency- vitamin b12 or folate deficiency, autoimmune neutropenia, aplastic anaemia, drug or viral suppression

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9
Q

When can you have too many white blood cells

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

Acute leukemia

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10
Q

When can you have too few platelets

A

Bone marrow failure syndromes

Acquired secondary deficiency: vitamin b12, folate deficiency, immune thrombocytopenia, drug induce thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

When can you have too many platelets

A

Infection
Trauma
Iron deficiency
Essential thrombocythaemia

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12
Q

When can you have dysfunctional platelets

A

Inherited platelet dysfunction: bernard soulier, glanzmanss

Acquired platelet dysfunction: aspirin, heparin, uraemia

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13
Q

What is contained in plasma

A 
Water
Plasma proteins
Electrolyte e.g sodium and chloride
Nutrients: glucose and amino acids
Hormone
Waste: ureea and creatinne 
Gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide
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14
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum

A

Plasma: liquid part of the blood with no cells that has been treated with anti-coagulants to allow appropiate testing
Serum: liquid part of blood that is coagulated therefore removes fibrinogen (serum=plasma-fibrinogen)

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15
Q

How is a bone marrow examination carried out

A
  1. Patient will lie in a lateral position
  2. Expose the iliac crest
  3. Use a needle to go into the bone marrow cavity
  4. Take a sample of the liquid bone marrrow
  5. Send for an analysis
  6. Then take sample of the periosteum itself called the trephine
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16
Q

What is an aspirate

A

Removal of the liquid bone marrow

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17
Q

What is a trephine

A

Solid histology section and allows study of marrow cellularity

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18
Q

What are exmaples of inherited haemoglobinopathies

A

Thalassemia

Sickle cell disease

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of thalassemia

A

Alpha

Beta

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20
Q

What is beta thalassemia

A

Abnormality of the beta chain

21
Q

What is a feature of the bone marrow compensation of RBC

A

Nucleated red blood cells - the bone marrow is trying to compensate for the anaemia which is pushing out nucleated RBC

22
Q

What is the treatment for beta thalassemia

A

Transfusion

Genetic counselling if they have a child

23
Q

What is alpha thalassemia

A

Abnormality in the alpha gene

24
Q

What are the classification of anaemia by

A

Size of the red blood cell:
Microcytic
Normocytic
Macrocytic

25
Q

What are the causes for microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

Thalassemia

26
Q

What are the causes for normocytic anaemia

A

Bone marrow failure
Aplastic anaemia
Chronic disorders
Renal disease

27
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia

A

B12 and folate deficiency

Alcoholism

28
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Chronic blood loss: GI bleed or menstruation
Poor diet
Malabsorption: parasitic infection or GI disease

29
Q

What is the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia

A 
Treating the underlying disease
Ferrous sulphate (iron tablets)
30
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia

A

Alcohol

Pernicious anaemia: cant absorb vitamin b12 or folate

31
Q

What are the features of macrocytic anaemia

A

Pallor

Macroglossia (beef tongue)

32
Q

What are the complicatiomns of macrocytic anaemia

A 
Folate deficiency- spina bifida
Hypersegmented neutrophils (you can get 5 nuclei of neutrophils)
33
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A

This is when the RBC are brocken down rapidly so anaemia occur

34
Q

What is a clinical feature of haemolytic anaemia

A

Jaundice as RBC breakdown leads to increase in bilirubin

35
Q

What are the causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Inherited: membrane, haemoglobin, enzyme
Acquired: immune and non immune

36
Q

How does blood clotting occur

A
  1. Endothelium on the blood vessel is damaged
  2. VWF binds to the injured vessel wall
  3. VWF changes configuration
  4. Platelets stick to the VWF
  5. GP1B and GP2B/3A will then stick to more platelets can bind
37
Q

What can the pattern on bleedin tell us

A

Mucosal or skin bleed- vascular or platelet abnormality

Coagulation disorders- bleeding into joints and muscles

38
Q

What can the causes of thrombosis be

A

Inherited: factor 5 leids, antithrombin, protein c or s abnormality
Acquired: vessel damage, stasis, change in blood composition

39
Q

What are the 4 major sets of leukemia

A

Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphoid leukemia
Chornic lymphoid leukemia

40
Q

What are lymphomas

A

Tumours of lymphocytes- commonly in b than t

41
Q

Give examples of lymphoma

A

Non hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphome

42
Q

What does hodgkin lymphoma in histology show

A

Owl eye

43
Q

What is myeloma

A

Maligancy of the plasma cells that produce a monoclonal immunoglobulin called paraprotein

44
Q

What is myeloma likely to present with

A

Renal failure
Bone pain
Anaemia
Infection

45
Q

In transfusion what can we give

A 
Packed red blood cells
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate
Fresh frozen plasma 
Cyroprecipitate
46
Q

What is in the packed red blood cells

A

Platelts and plasma are removed just the RBC

47
Q

What does fresh frozen plasma contain

A

Coagulation factors

48
Q

What does cyroprecipitate contain

A

Factor 8,13,vwf and fibrinogen

Blood Disorders (9 decks)

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