Introduction To Globalisation Flashcards
How is globalisation the process of countries becoming more connected
Globalisation has led to the world becoming more interconnected over time. Means people, industries, places in different countries interact like they belong to a single community.
Interdependence - countries relying on each other
Pace of change in globalisation due to increase = mobile communications + ICT
What are the 5 different aspects of globalisation?
Economic
Cultural
Political
Social
Environmental
Economic aspect of globalisation
E.g. growth of companies into Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) that operate in more than one country
Cultural aspect of globalisation
E.g. advances in communications technology which allows for the easy flow of info + ideas
Allows immigrants to communicate with their family back home easily (one reason people didn’t move to different countries for better lifestyle in the past)
Political aspect of globalisation
E.g. the development of international bodies = UN which works to reduce conflict across different countries
Social aspect of globalisation
E.g. growth of international migration
Environmental aspect of globalisation
E.g. the development of treaties + international agreements seeking to protect the environment
Paris agreement
Montreal Protocol
UNCLOS
Paris Agreement
Adopted = 2015
Under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The PA aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels
Includes commitments from countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions +enhance adaptation to climate change
Montreal Protocol
Is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production + use of ozone-depleting substances e.g. CFCs + HCFCs
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNCLOS establishes legal framework for the conservation + sustainable use of the oceans + marine resources. Addresses issues such as marine pollution, conservation of marine biodiversity + protection of marine ecosystems
Commodities
Volume of raw materials (e.g. food + fuel) as well as manufactured goods being traded around the world has increased rapidly since 1950
Made easier by the increased numbers of international trade deals + improvements in the technology that enables international trade
Capital
Money is bought + sold globally through currency exchanges in banks every day. Banks also trade in stocks + shares internationally
Money flows between countries = trade of goods + services
FDI = individuals + companies from 1 country might invest money into an industry in another country
Capital wealth is able to flow more easily + more quickly due to online banking + cryptocurrency
Remittance payments = migrants send money home to financially support family + friends
Information
Rapid development + adoption of email + internet + social networking means large amounts of info can be exchanged quickly across the globe. Means people who work in different countries can communicate + work together more easily.
People can learn about other countries without leaving their country.
Tourists
Increases in technology (e.g. jet planes) + decreasing cost of travel have allowed more people to travel to a wider range of countries
Flows of tourists are often matched by flows of foreign currency - generates wealth for the host country
2019- tourists to UK spent a total =£28.5 billion
Migrants
People move between countries permanently + seasonally (employment)
International migration connects people with other countries around the world. E.g. UK depends on over 70,000 seasonal agricultural workers primarily = Romania + Bulgaria
Migrants might be seeking better economic opportunities + greater stability. Might be refugees- people seeking a safer home away from threat of persecution, war, famine, extreme effects of CC
Flows of ppl are often regulated - e.g. governments use policies 2 encourage/discourage migration.
Developments in transport have created a ‘shrinking world’
Number = technological innovations in transport during 19+20th century have changed how + where trade takes place
Improvements in technology + transport have enabled:
- commodities being traded at greater volumes
- goods to be traded between countries who are further away from each other
- perishable exported goods (food) to reach receiving countries more quickly
4 types of transport goods can be transported with
Steam railways - goods across continent
Steam ships - goods traded overseas
Jet aircraft - moved quickly between continents + places w/o a coastline
Containerisation - all over the world in shipping containers
Time-space compression
People become more connected to places in the world that are further away - their perception of the world changes.
Distant places ‘feel’ closer because it takes less time to get to them. = TIME-SPACE COMPRESSION
How have developments in ICT + communication contributed to globalisation
Technological advances in ICT + communication systems allow people to connect w/ each other = m easily, m quickly + over greater distances.
Contributed to time-space compression
Decreasing cost = communication has made it m accessible to more people e.g. smartphones w/ mobile data are increasingly affordable
Improvements in communications technology include:
Telegraph cabling (electrical cabling used to transmit morse code messages) - allowed the first type = ‘instant’ communication overseas
Mobile phones - become more advanced + used for calling, texting, e-mailing, instant messaging, mobile banking = mini-computer in pockets
Internet - increased use (helped by fibre optic cabling) allows people to find info + communicate with each other at the touch of a button
Social media - makes it easier to share info in variety of formats (text, images, audio, video)
Electronic banking - electronic money transfers + banking are increasingly used + have become more confident as people can access banking online through computers + smartphones
