Introduction to Genetics Flashcards
He studied that activation and deactivation of genes in the human body.
Francois Jacob
Gene Regulation on Transcription
They have discovered that the production of proteins in all the cells in the body is regulated via operons (housekeeping gene) through the process of RNA transcription.
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
He proposed the idea that a single trait can be elicited from multiple genes.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Linked Genes in Traits
They have observed using Drosophila melanogaster – that there are multiple genes that can be associated in a specific traits.
Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin Bridges
Who proposed the idea the organisms have the capacity to adjust their characteristics towards their environment?
Jean Baptiste De Lamarck
Theory of “Acquired Characteristics” and “Use and Misuse”
He has proposed that organisms have the capability to alter their physical expression genes, which results in variation of traits among population of within the same species.
Jean Baptiste De Lamarck
Who discovered the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Albrecht Kossel
Nitrogenous Bases
He discovered the five (5) nitrogenous bases inside the DNA structure. These are
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U).
Albrecht Kossel
He observed the Mendelian patterns of inheritance among animal subjects.
William Bateson
Affirmation of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance
They have worked independently on animal genetics but shown consistent verification and established its role in symmetrical organs.
William Bateson, Edith Saunders and Lucien Cuenot
Birth of ”Genetics”
He is the first individual to conceptualize the term - “genetics” to describe the comprehensive study related to the mechanisms of heredity. It comes a Greek word, “gennō”, (γεννώ) - which means “to give birth”.
William Bateson
Modifier Genes
They have discovered an exception to the Mendelian Genetics where other genes affect the expression of other genes – either by prevention or enhancement of its expected trait expression.
William Bateson and Reginald Punnett
He provided an easy visualization technique of inheritance patterns.
Reginald Punnett
Punnet’s Square
He made the visual representation of the probability in Mendelian’s Inheritance Pattern using letters and boxes to easily observe the distribution of genes (genotypes) and the physical expression outcome (phenotype).
Reginald Punnett
He confirmed the Mendelian principles of inheritance in vast number of plants.
Hugo De Vries
Affirmation of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance
They have worked independently on plant genetics but shown consistent verification of Mendel’s work but has misconceptions on the concept of mutation.
Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak
Who proposed the idea that the cell contains materials relevant to inheritance patterns?
Frederick Griffth
Transforming Agent
He discovered that there is a component inside the cell that is transferred to its offspring that allows it to inherit specific traits from its parent cell.
Frederick Griffith
He is considered to be the father of medicine.
Hippocrates
Theory of Pan-genesis
Pan-genesis is the proposition that each part of the body generates small organic molecules known as “gemmules”. These gemmules are aggregated into the gonads; which contributes to embryonic development.
Aristotle and Hippocrates
Discovery of Bacteriophage
They have observed bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) is able to infiltrate by inserting its DNA, not its protein capsules – to cause bacterial death. It established that DNA is the only capable of initiating life.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
discoverers of the essential amino acids in the human body.
Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei and Severo Ochoa
Genetic Code Crack
They have discovered that RNA is responsible for producing proteins, not the DNA. The 64 triplet mRNA codons results in 21 different types of amino acids, which further develops into proteins.
Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei and Severo Ochoa
He discovered the ratio between genetic traits.
Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics
He performed the first massive evidence-based pattern of inheritance which led to the discovery of the mechanisms of inheritance (law of segregation and independent assortment) and coined the concepts of “dominant” and “recessive”.
Gregor Mendel
Who helped Reginald Punnet understand the idea that other genes can affect the expression of other genes?
William Bateson
He discovered the ratio between DNA nitrogenous bases.
Erwin Chargaff
Ratio of DNA Base Pairings
He established that the DNA is made up of 50% - purine bases and 50% pyrimidine bases. He even elaborated that the DNA is made up of 20% adenine (purine), 20% thymine (purine), 30% cytosine (pyrimidine) and 30% guanine (pyrimidine).
Erwin Chargaff
He directly observed the cell division in amphibians.
Walther Flemming
Discovery of Mitosis
He discovered the process of mitosis by observing the collected cells from salamander fins and gills. Although he was not able to observe the distribution of chromosomes, he observed the principle of - “omnis nucleus e nucleo”.
Walther Flemming
It is the biology of heredity and variation.
Genetics
It involves the imploration of various mechanisms and diversity within reproducing living organisms.
Genetics
It provides an empirical explanation in the human development.
Genetics
Germplasm Theory
He refuted the theory of pan-genesis – in which he elaborated that only specific group of cells in the body, only the gonads; can transmit genetic constitution to the developing embryo, excluding the somatic cells.
August Weismann
Isolated DNA and RNA
He is the pioneer in the process of isolation of the DNA / RNA from leukocytes present in the wound pus – which were called as “nuclein”. He also discovered protamine – which counteracts anti-coagulant heparin.
Friedrich Miescher
Gene
He is the first individual to coin the term “gene” to describe the genetic constitution of specific traits. He also established the idea that each gene is associated with a specific trait.
Wilhelm Johannsen
Separate X and Y chromosome
They have discovered an exception to the Mendelian Genetics where
there is a specific chromosome which is associated with sex-linked traits.
Edmund Wilson and Nettie Stevens
DNA as Transforming Agent
They have worked together to establish that neither enzyme, lipids, or proteins constitute as the “transforming agent” – which determine if the organism will be able to live as a biological unit.
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
One Gene, One Enzyme
In exposing the bread mold in X-rays, they have observed that changes in the genes results in the absence or presence of enzymes (proteins) which same group of organisms.
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
DNA Structure
They have produced the definite double-helix molecular structure of the DNA using x-ray crystallography.
Rosalind Franklin, Charles Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins
Central Dogma (Protein Synthesis)
They have established the three (3) major cell processes to produce proteins from the DNA template – (a) DNA replication, (b) RNA transcription and (c) RNA translation.
Francis Crick and George Gamov
Modes of Replication
They have discovered that the DNA can be replicated in different arrangements, which can be (a) conservative, (b) semi-conservative and (c) dispersive.
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
Recombinant DNA
He discovered that bacteria can be utilized as a biological host to rapidly produce biological products by replacing its DNA.
Paul Berg
It is the era wherein the advancements in genetics lead to various commercial purposes such in gene therapy and other biotechnological products.
1985 – Gene Manipulation (Biotechnology)
Genetically Altered Animals (Transgenics)
It describes the insertion of foreign DNA in different embryonic models to generate various traits artificially.
Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart (1988)
It describes the complete directory of all associated hereditary traits present in the entire human DNA.
Human Genome Project - 2003
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