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Genetics Lecture > Introduction to Genetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

He studied that activation and deactivation of genes in the human body.

A

Francois Jacob

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2
Q

Gene Regulation on Transcription

They have discovered that the production of proteins in all the cells in the body is regulated via operons (housekeeping gene) through the process of RNA transcription.

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

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3
Q

He proposed the idea that a single trait can be elicited from multiple genes.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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4
Q

Linked Genes in Traits

They have observed using Drosophila melanogaster – that there are multiple genes that can be associated in a specific traits.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin Bridges

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5
Q

Who proposed the idea the organisms have the capacity to adjust their characteristics towards their environment?

A

Jean Baptiste De Lamarck

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6
Q

Theory of “Acquired Characteristics” and “Use and Misuse”

He has proposed that organisms have the capability to alter their physical expression genes, which results in variation of traits among population of within the same species.

A

Jean Baptiste De Lamarck

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7
Q

Who discovered the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Albrecht Kossel

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8
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

He discovered the five (5) nitrogenous bases inside the DNA structure. These are
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U).

A

Albrecht Kossel

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9
Q

He observed the Mendelian patterns of inheritance among animal subjects.

A

William Bateson

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10
Q

Affirmation of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

They have worked independently on animal genetics but shown consistent verification and established its role in symmetrical organs.

A

William Bateson, Edith Saunders and Lucien Cuenot

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11
Q

Birth of ”Genetics”

He is the first individual to conceptualize the term - “genetics” to describe the comprehensive study related to the mechanisms of heredity. It comes a Greek word, “gennō”, (γεννώ) - which means “to give birth”.

A

William Bateson

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12
Q

Modifier Genes

They have discovered an exception to the Mendelian Genetics where other genes affect the expression of other genes – either by prevention or enhancement of its expected trait expression.

A

William Bateson and Reginald Punnett

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13
Q

He provided an easy visualization technique of inheritance patterns.

A

Reginald Punnett

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14
Q

Punnet’s Square

He made the visual representation of the probability in Mendelian’s Inheritance Pattern using letters and boxes to easily observe the distribution of genes (genotypes) and the physical expression outcome (phenotype).

A

Reginald Punnett

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15
Q

He confirmed the Mendelian principles of inheritance in vast number of plants.

A

Hugo De Vries

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16
Q

Affirmation of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

They have worked independently on plant genetics but shown consistent verification of Mendel’s work but has misconceptions on the concept of mutation.

A

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak

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17
Q

Who proposed the idea that the cell contains materials relevant to inheritance patterns?

A

Frederick Griffth

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18
Q

Transforming Agent

He discovered that there is a component inside the cell that is transferred to its offspring that allows it to inherit specific traits from its parent cell.

A

Frederick Griffith

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19
Q

He is considered to be the father of medicine.

A

Hippocrates

20
Q

Theory of Pan-genesis

Pan-genesis is the proposition that each part of the body generates small organic molecules known as “gemmules”. These gemmules are aggregated into the gonads; which contributes to embryonic development.

A

Aristotle and Hippocrates

21
Q

Discovery of Bacteriophage

They have observed bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) is able to infiltrate by inserting its DNA, not its protein capsules – to cause bacterial death. It established that DNA is the only capable of initiating life.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

22
Q

discoverers of the essential amino acids in the human body.

A

Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei and Severo Ochoa

23
Q

Genetic Code Crack

They have discovered that RNA is responsible for producing proteins, not the DNA. The 64 triplet mRNA codons results in 21 different types of amino acids, which further develops into proteins.

A

Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei and Severo Ochoa

24
Q

He discovered the ratio between genetic traits.

A

Gregor Mendel

25
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

He performed the first massive evidence-based pattern of inheritance which led to the discovery of the mechanisms of inheritance (law of segregation and independent assortment) and coined the concepts of “dominant” and “recessive”.

A

Gregor Mendel

26
Q

Who helped Reginald Punnet understand the idea that other genes can affect the expression of other genes?

A

William Bateson

27
Q

He discovered the ratio between DNA nitrogenous bases.

A

Erwin Chargaff

28
Q

Ratio of DNA Base Pairings

He established that the DNA is made up of 50% - purine bases and 50% pyrimidine bases. He even elaborated that the DNA is made up of 20% adenine (purine), 20% thymine (purine), 30% cytosine (pyrimidine) and 30% guanine (pyrimidine).

A

Erwin Chargaff

29
Q

He directly observed the cell division in amphibians.

A

Walther Flemming

30
Q

Discovery of Mitosis

He discovered the process of mitosis by observing the collected cells from salamander fins and gills. Although he was not able to observe the distribution of chromosomes, he observed the principle of - “omnis nucleus e nucleo”.

A

Walther Flemming

31
Q

It is the biology of heredity and variation.

A

Genetics

32
Q

It involves the imploration of various mechanisms and diversity within reproducing living organisms.

A

Genetics

33
Q

It provides an empirical explanation in the human development.

A

Genetics

34
Q

Germplasm Theory

He refuted the theory of pan-genesis – in which he elaborated that only specific group of cells in the body, only the gonads; can transmit genetic constitution to the developing embryo, excluding the somatic cells.

A

August Weismann

35
Q

Isolated DNA and RNA

He is the pioneer in the process of isolation of the DNA / RNA from leukocytes present in the wound pus – which were called as “nuclein”. He also discovered protamine – which counteracts anti-coagulant heparin.

A

Friedrich Miescher

36
Q

Gene

He is the first individual to coin the term “gene” to describe the genetic constitution of specific traits. He also established the idea that each gene is associated with a specific trait.

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

37
Q

Separate X and Y chromosome

They have discovered an exception to the Mendelian Genetics where
there is a specific chromosome which is associated with sex-linked traits.

A

Edmund Wilson and Nettie Stevens

38
Q

DNA as Transforming Agent

They have worked together to establish that neither enzyme, lipids, or proteins constitute as the “transforming agent” – which determine if the organism will be able to live as a biological unit.

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

39
Q

One Gene, One Enzyme

In exposing the bread mold in X-rays, they have observed that changes in the genes results in the absence or presence of enzymes (proteins) which same group of organisms.

A

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

40
Q

DNA Structure

They have produced the definite double-helix molecular structure of the DNA using x-ray crystallography.

A

Rosalind Franklin, Charles Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins

41
Q

Central Dogma (Protein Synthesis)

They have established the three (3) major cell processes to produce proteins from the DNA template – (a) DNA replication, (b) RNA transcription and (c) RNA translation.

A

Francis Crick and George Gamov

42
Q

Modes of Replication

They have discovered that the DNA can be replicated in different arrangements, which can be (a) conservative, (b) semi-conservative and (c) dispersive.

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

43
Q

Recombinant DNA

He discovered that bacteria can be utilized as a biological host to rapidly produce biological products by replacing its DNA.

A

Paul Berg

44
Q

It is the era wherein the advancements in genetics lead to various commercial purposes such in gene therapy and other biotechnological products.

A

1985 – Gene Manipulation (Biotechnology)

45
Q

Genetically Altered Animals (Transgenics)

It describes the insertion of foreign DNA in different embryonic models to generate various traits artificially.

A

Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart (1988)

46
Q

It describes the complete directory of all associated hereditary traits present in the entire human DNA.

A

Human Genome Project - 2003

47
Q

kaya pa ba beh

A

wan q nalang talaga

Genetics Lecture (6 decks)

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