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Genetics Lecture > Chromosome and Cell Division > Flashcards

Chromosome and Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

it is the life cycle of a cell which compromises of series of stages which has various control and regulating mechanisms that ensures all cell generations are complete and functioning properly.

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

It is the stage that ensures that the cell must undergo specific cellular preparations that is needed during cell division. It also includes specific regulation mechanisms that control cell growth and development.

A

Interphase (Preparation Stage)

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3
Q

increased protein (ribosome) production to be used for DNA replication. There are no observable changes in cell appearance but increased metabolic activities with minimal death in cells.

A

Interphase’s Initial Growth (G1) Stage

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4
Q

considered as a diploid cell

A

spermatogonia

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5
Q

T or F

tetrad refers to a pair of sister chromatids with both long and short arm structure.

A

true

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6
Q

T or F

Euchromatin is the deactivated form of DNA.

A

False

Heterochromatin

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7
Q

T or F

Dyad refers to the combined tetrads that forms eight (8) armed structure.

A

False

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8
Q

refers to the female meiosis.

A

Oogenesis

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9
Q

refers to the point of exchange of DNA in chromosomes.

A

chiasma or chiasmata

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10
Q

regulates the individual cell growth and apoptosis of cells during cell development.

A

Cyclin E

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11
Q

T or F

Heterochromatin is the activated form of DNA.

A

False

Euchromatin

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12
Q

T or F

it is the secondary oocyte that undergoes Meiosis II.

A

True

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13
Q

Decreasing Chromosome Number

A

Meiosis I

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14
Q

Decreasing Genetic Content

A

Meiosis II

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15
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis is associated in the formation of bivalents?

A

Pachytene

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18
Q

Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis has pairing of similar size and function chromosomes?

A

Zygotene

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19
Q

T or F

spermatogonia is a haploid cell.

A

False

diploid

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20
Q

T or F

Chromatid refers to a continuous thin strand of DNA.

A

False

leading strand

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21
Q

it refers to the male meiosis.

A

spermatogenesis

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22
Q

fluorescent cell cycle stain. The dye passes through a permeabilized membrane and intercalates into cellular DNA.

A

Propidium Iodide (PI)

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23
Q

The intensity of its signal is directly proportional to DNA content.

A

Propidium Iodide (PI)

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24
Q

T or F

There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in decreased DNA content in a sample.

A

False

There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in INCREASED DNA content in a sample.

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25
Q

The cell activity during G1 is regulated by _____ and _____ will determine if the cell will undergo towards the S phase.

A

Cyclin E and G1 Restriction Point (R)

26
Q

the errors in G1 phase, if not corrected by Cyclin E, results in cells that are highly active with no signs of dying or

A

benign tumor synthesis (tumor that does not spread)

27
Q

if Restriction Point R fails to correct the error, this results in

A

malignant tumor synthesis (spreads in the body).

28
Q

It is the stage that ensures that the cell has access and will be able to generate multiple copies of the DNA. These DNA duplicates are necessary for the development of multiple number of offspring cells during cell division.

A

S Stage (DNA Replication Stage)

29
Q

It is the stage that liberates the DNA from its tightly packed histones that protects its integrity from possible modification and destruction from various environmental factors such as viruses and etc.

A

S Stage (Removal of Supercoiling)

30
Q

condensed, methylated genes (silenced)
Gene Poor (high AT content) and stains darker

A

Heterochromatin

31
Q

dispersed, non-methylated (active)
Gene Rich (high GC content) and stains lighter

A

Euchromatin

32
Q

attachment of spindle fibers

A

kinetochore

33
Q

protects the coding portion of chromosome and counts cell division (Hayflick’s Limit)

A

telomere

34
Q

one is an exact copy of the other and each contains one DNA molecule

A

two-identical chromatids

35
Q

short arm structure

A

p arm

36
Q

constricted point of the chromosome

A

centromere

37
Q

long arm structure

A

q arm

38
Q

condensed structures of chromatins that forms the arm of chromosome

A

chromatin fibers

39
Q

initiation of development of centrioles (for production of spindle fibers in cell division) and rapid synthesis of ribosomes (protein synthesis visible through the nucleolus) in preparation for cell division.

A

Interphase’s Final Growth (G2) Stage

40
Q

the errors in G2 phase are regulated by the _______ (tumor suppressing protein), and if there is an alteration on the function of it, this results in the unregulated cell division – cancer.

A

p53 protein

41
Q

unregulated cell division

A

cancer

42
Q

T or F

In zygotes, p53 is activated in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is deactivated because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.

A

False

In zygotes, p53 is DEACTIVATED in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is ACTIVATED because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.

43
Q

T or F

if p53 will be deactivated, more hybrid species will arise?

A

False

No. Because there will be no DNA error checking. Thus, cells are more likely to die than to survive.

44
Q

It is the cell division that always result in equal number of DNA and only requires only one (1) set of DNA.

A

Mitosis (Somatic Cells)

45
Q

Mitosis is composed of the following stages:

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

46
Q

chromosome formation

A

Prophase

47
Q

always paired chromosome

A

Metaphase

48
Q

distributes equal chromosome

A

Anaphase

49
Q

proper separation of materials

A

Telophase

50
Q

Mitosis stages which have:

Tetrad (2c) chromosome

A

Prophase
Metaphase

51
Q

Mitosis stages which has:

Dyad (4c) chromosome

A

Anaphase

52
Q

It is the cell division that always result in half number of chromosomes and only requires two (2) sets of DNA.

A

Meiosis (Germ Cells)

53
Q

Meiosis is composed of the following stages:

A

Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
Meiosis II (PMAT 2)

54
Q

reductional stages

A

Meiosis I (PMAT 1)

55
Q

equational stage

A

Meiosis II (PMAT 2)

56
Q

The challenge for _______ is to ensure that – from a diploid cell, the chromosomes should be divided into each of the four (4) unique offspring with half of the amount of DNA.

A

meiosis

57
Q

Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:

condensation of chromosome (chromatin to chromosome).

A

Stage 1 (Leptotene)

58
Q

Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:

pairing of homologous chromosome (chromosome pairing).

A

Stage 2 (Zygotene)

59
Q

Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:

fusing together of chromosomes (bivalent forming).

A

Stage 3 (Pachytene)

60
Q

Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:

chiasma formation (exchange of chromosome portions).

A

Stage 4 (diplotene)

61
Q

Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:

dissolution of nuclear membrane (release of chromosomes).

A

Stage 5 (Diakinesis)

Genetics Lecture (6 decks)

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