Chromosome and Cell Division Flashcards
it is the life cycle of a cell which compromises of series of stages which has various control and regulating mechanisms that ensures all cell generations are complete and functioning properly.
Cell Cycle
It is the stage that ensures that the cell must undergo specific cellular preparations that is needed during cell division. It also includes specific regulation mechanisms that control cell growth and development.
Interphase (Preparation Stage)
increased protein (ribosome) production to be used for DNA replication. There are no observable changes in cell appearance but increased metabolic activities with minimal death in cells.
Interphase’s Initial Growth (G1) Stage
considered as a diploid cell
spermatogonia
T or F
tetrad refers to a pair of sister chromatids with both long and short arm structure.
true
T or F
Euchromatin is the deactivated form of DNA.
False
Heterochromatin
T or F
Dyad refers to the combined tetrads that forms eight (8) armed structure.
False
refers to the female meiosis.
Oogenesis
refers to the point of exchange of DNA in chromosomes.
chiasma or chiasmata
regulates the individual cell growth and apoptosis of cells during cell development.
Cyclin E
T or F
Heterochromatin is the activated form of DNA.
False
Euchromatin
T or F
it is the secondary oocyte that undergoes Meiosis II.
True
Decreasing Chromosome Number
Meiosis I
Decreasing Genetic Content
Meiosis II
Somatic Cells
Mitosis
Gametes
Meiosis
Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis is associated in the formation of bivalents?
Pachytene
Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis has pairing of similar size and function chromosomes?
Zygotene
T or F
spermatogonia is a haploid cell.
False
diploid
T or F
Chromatid refers to a continuous thin strand of DNA.
False
leading strand
it refers to the male meiosis.
spermatogenesis
fluorescent cell cycle stain. The dye passes through a permeabilized membrane and intercalates into cellular DNA.
Propidium Iodide (PI)
The intensity of its signal is directly proportional to DNA content.
Propidium Iodide (PI)
T or F
There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in decreased DNA content in a sample.
False
There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in INCREASED DNA content in a sample.
The cell activity during G1 is regulated by _____ and _____ will determine if the cell will undergo towards the S phase.
Cyclin E and G1 Restriction Point (R)
the errors in G1 phase, if not corrected by Cyclin E, results in cells that are highly active with no signs of dying or
benign tumor synthesis (tumor that does not spread)
if Restriction Point R fails to correct the error, this results in
malignant tumor synthesis (spreads in the body).
It is the stage that ensures that the cell has access and will be able to generate multiple copies of the DNA. These DNA duplicates are necessary for the development of multiple number of offspring cells during cell division.
S Stage (DNA Replication Stage)
It is the stage that liberates the DNA from its tightly packed histones that protects its integrity from possible modification and destruction from various environmental factors such as viruses and etc.
S Stage (Removal of Supercoiling)
condensed, methylated genes (silenced)
Gene Poor (high AT content) and stains darker
Heterochromatin
dispersed, non-methylated (active)
Gene Rich (high GC content) and stains lighter
Euchromatin
attachment of spindle fibers
kinetochore
protects the coding portion of chromosome and counts cell division (Hayflick’s Limit)
telomere
one is an exact copy of the other and each contains one DNA molecule
two-identical chromatids
short arm structure
p arm
constricted point of the chromosome
centromere
long arm structure
q arm
condensed structures of chromatins that forms the arm of chromosome
chromatin fibers
initiation of development of centrioles (for production of spindle fibers in cell division) and rapid synthesis of ribosomes (protein synthesis visible through the nucleolus) in preparation for cell division.
Interphase’s Final Growth (G2) Stage
the errors in G2 phase are regulated by the _______ (tumor suppressing protein), and if there is an alteration on the function of it, this results in the unregulated cell division – cancer.
p53 protein
unregulated cell division
cancer
T or F
In zygotes, p53 is activated in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is deactivated because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.
False
In zygotes, p53 is DEACTIVATED in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is ACTIVATED because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.
T or F
if p53 will be deactivated, more hybrid species will arise?
False
No. Because there will be no DNA error checking. Thus, cells are more likely to die than to survive.
It is the cell division that always result in equal number of DNA and only requires only one (1) set of DNA.
Mitosis (Somatic Cells)
Mitosis is composed of the following stages:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
chromosome formation
Prophase
always paired chromosome
Metaphase
distributes equal chromosome
Anaphase
proper separation of materials
Telophase
Mitosis stages which have:
Tetrad (2c) chromosome
Prophase
Metaphase
Mitosis stages which has:
Dyad (4c) chromosome
Anaphase
It is the cell division that always result in half number of chromosomes and only requires two (2) sets of DNA.
Meiosis (Germ Cells)
Meiosis is composed of the following stages:
Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
Meiosis II (PMAT 2)
reductional stages
Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
equational stage
Meiosis II (PMAT 2)
The challenge for _______ is to ensure that – from a diploid cell, the chromosomes should be divided into each of the four (4) unique offspring with half of the amount of DNA.
meiosis
Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:
condensation of chromosome (chromatin to chromosome).
Stage 1 (Leptotene)
Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:
pairing of homologous chromosome (chromosome pairing).
Stage 2 (Zygotene)
Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:
fusing together of chromosomes (bivalent forming).
Stage 3 (Pachytene)
Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:
chiasma formation (exchange of chromosome portions).
Stage 4 (diplotene)
Meiosis I’s Prophase stage:
dissolution of nuclear membrane (release of chromosomes).
Stage 5 (Diakinesis)
