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introduction to eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

nuclear envelope

A

membrane enclosing the nucleus .protein lined pores allow material to move in and out

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2
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

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3
Q

nucleolus

A

condensed region where ribosomes are formed

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4
Q

peroxisome

A

metabolizes waste

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5
Q

smooth ER

A

makes lipids

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6
Q

rough ER

A

makes secretory and membrane proteins ,associated with ribosomes

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7
Q

microtubules

A

they form a mitotic spindle and maintain cell shape

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8
Q

centrosome

A

microtuble organizing center

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9
Q

intermediate filaments

A

these are fibrous protein that keep organelles in place

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

digests food

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11
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies protein

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

produces energy

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13
Q

difference between prokaryotic nucleus and eukaryotic nucleus

A

prokaryote - have no nucleoli or nuclear membrane

eukaryote -true nucleus with nuclear membrane and nucleoli

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14
Q

prokaryotes have organelles whilst eukaryotes dont have : true or false

A

false , eukaryotes have organelles

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15
Q

which cell , prokaryote or eukaryote consists of a complex flagella which consists of multiple micro tubules

A

eukaryote ,the prokaryote flagella consists of two building blocks of protein

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16
Q

when a cell wall is present in a eukaryote it is complex :TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE ; It is simple , when a cell wall is present in a prokaryote it is complex (peptidyglocan)

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17
Q

compare the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes -no cytoskeleton and generally lacks sterols

eukaryotes -sterols and carbs are the receptors

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18
Q

ribosomes smaller sized sub units are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes :TRUE OR FALSE

A

true ,they are both 70 s in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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19
Q

eukaryotes lack histones :TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE , they contain hsitones ,they have multiple linear chromosomes ,whereas prokaryotes lack histones and have a single circular chromosome

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20
Q

what type of cell division is in eukaryotes

A

mitosis

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21
Q

what type of cell division is in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

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22
Q

which cell type ,prokaryotes or eukaryotes use meiosis for cell division

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

endosymbosis

A

when one prokaryote lives in the cell of another organism to the benefit of both .

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24
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells

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25
secondary endosymbiotic
the product of primary symbiosis is engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote
26
kingdom protista
eukaryotic unicellular there are classified into 3 types : animal like , plant like and fungi like
27
what are the 3 ways protista reproduce :
binary fission : splits into two asexually multiple fission : producing more than two individuals sexually by conjunctiom
28
give 4 examples of animal like protista
sarcodinians ,ciliaphora ,zooflagellates .sporozoa
29
give 4 examples of plant like protista
rhodophyta (red algae) ,chlorophyta (green algae) ,euglenid (move with flagella )
30
fungus like protista
slime molds | water molds
31
what falls under the classification of euglenozoa
kinetoplastids and euglenids
32
alveolata
ciliates dinoflagellates apicomplexans
33
parabasala
parabasalids
34
stramenoplila
oomycetes diatoms golden algae and brown algae
35
cercozoa
formaminiferans | chloroarchniophytes
36
radiolaria
radioarians
37
amoebozoa
gymnamoebas entamoebas plasmodial slime molds cellular slime molds
38
chlorophyta and plantae (viridiplantae)
chlorophytes charophyceans plantae
39
in which enviroments would i find sarcodinia
aquatic and soil enviroments
40
how do sarcodinia move
they utilze pseudopdia
41
entamoebas
they are parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates
42
what are the cysts that entamoebas forms (can be transmitted from person to person )
entamoeba histolytica -amoebic dysentery naegleria spp .-primary amoebic meningoencephalitis acanthamoeba spp.-keratitis
43
ciliphora features
complex and unicellular use cilia for locomotion reproduce asexully -bianary fisson sexually -conjunction
44
zooflagellets characteristics (what do they lack )
lack plastids lack key enzymes reduced mitochondria
45
how many nucluei do diplomonads have and give an example
they have 2,eg giardia -intenstinal giardiasis
46
examples of parabasalids
trichomonas -sexually transmitted
47
what has an anterior pocket with 1 or 2 flagella and is a zooglagellate
euglenoids e..g euglena | can be autotrophic ,mixotrophic ,heterotrophic
48
2 key charecteristics of kinetoplastids
1 flagella | single large mitochondria
49
give 3 examples of kinetoplastids
trypansoma -african ,tryanosmiasis ,american and transmiasis leishmania
50
what is the sand fly associated with
leishmaniasis
51
how many hosts do sporozoa require ?
2 or more different hosts
52
what is a apicoplast and where can i find it
its a non-photosynthetic plastid can be found in the sporozoa
53
give 3 examples of sporozoa
plasmodium ,cryptosporidium ,toxoplasma
54
what is the causitive agent of malaria
plasmodium spp
55
how is malaria transmitted
mosquito ,anopheles spp
56
what contains beta carotene and xanthophylis in addition to chlorophyll a and b
chlorophyta (green algae )
57
what contains phycoerythin and phyocyanin and chlorophyll
rhodophyta
58
what are examples of some rhodophyta
agar (gelidium) ,aliginates (var. sources ) ,carrageenan (chondrus )
59
give the characteristics of water molds
cell wall contains cellulose but not chitin | non -photosynthetic and include saprobes and parasites and appear as white fluffy growths on dead organisms
60
give examples of water mold and where id find them
phytophthora -potato blight pythium -root rot albugo -white rust
61
cellular mold characteristics
``` ingest bacteria (phagocytosis) cells aggregate to form a multicellular pseudopodium from which arise fruiting body ```
62
yeast features
round or oval shape unique mode of asexual reproduction some form pseudohyphae
63
molds features
long threadlike filamentous arrangement some are dimorphic
64
fungal nutrition
acquire nutrients from substrates
65
what are the two types of hypahe
vegetative hyphae and reproductive hyphae
66
sexual reproduction
involves fusion of haploid + and - mating types
67
asexual reproduction (sporangiospores )
formed by successive cleavages within the sporangium | released when sporangium ruptures
68
asexual reproduction (conidiospores )
free spores | happen either by pinching off the the tip of fertile hypha or by segmentation of vegetative hypha
69
give examples of ascomycota
sac fungi | penicillium : morels saccharmyces
70
give examples of basidiomycota
club fungi | rusts ; coprinus
71
zygomycota examples
rhizopus (bread molds )
72
glomeromycota
mycorrrhizal
73
what fungi causes dutch elm disease
ophiostoma ulni
74
what causes ergot poisoning in humans
claviceps(ascomycota )
75
what fungi causes potato famine
phytophthora infestans (alveolata)
76
give fungal human pathogens
trychophyton candida albicans blastomycosis
77
what are three main parasites that can cause disease in humans
protozoa helminths ectoparasites
78
entamoeba histolytica :
may invade the colon and cause bloody diarrhoea ,also causes amoebic liver abscess
79
balantidium coli
ciliate protazon that lives in the colon of pigs humans and rodents and can lead to colonic ulceration
80
giaridia lamblia
lives in small intestine and results in malabsorption
81
cryptosporidium parvum
non motile protozoan ,more present in the immunocompromised patients
82
cyclospora cyatenesis
parasitizes the small intestinal mucosa and may cause diarrhea for several weeks
83
Trichomonas vaginalis
flagellate protozoan ,sexually transmitted ,reproduces asexually
84
plasmodium spp
non -motile parasite ,causitive agent of malaria,transmitted by anopheles mosquito
85
what are the 4 species of malaria that infect humans
p.falciparum ,p.vivax ,p .ovale and p malariae
86
leishmania spp
flagellate protozaon ,that is transmitted by sand flies
87
trypansoma in africa
sleeping sickness is transmitted by tsetse fly
88
trypansoma in south america
chagas disease is transmitted by the reduviid bug
89
toxoplasma
non motile protozan | transmitted by the ingestion of oocysts from cat faeces .Cause of neonatal toxoplasmosis
90
helminths are classified as
``` nemathekminths (round worms ) -class -nematoda platyhelminths (flat worms )-class trematoda -class cestoda ```
91
nematodes general features
cylindrical bodies and digestive tracts body covered with cuticle oral might have hooks separate male and female sexes and mate to produce eggs
92
what is the ascaris nematode
roundworm that causes eosinophilia
93
enterobius
pinworm
94
trichuris
whipworm prevalent in warm humid conditions can cause diarrhoea ,rectal prolapse ,and anamia
95
name two hookwarms
necator and ancylostoma
96
strongyloides
inhabits small bowel
97
toxocara (tissue nematode )
human infection from embryonated eggs are ingested from cat faeces or dog faeces
98
trichinella (tissue nematode )
assosiated with consumption of frozen meats and poorly cooked meat
99
filarial nematodes -Onchocerca
transmitted by black fly | causes visual impairment and severe itching of the skin in infected individuals
100
wuchereria and brugia
the major causative agent of lymphatic filarisis
101
fasciolopsis (intestinal fluke )-trematode
chronic infection leads to inflamation ,ulceration and haemorrhage
102
fasciola (liver fluke )-trematode
humans become infected when they ingest metacercariae that have encysted on watercress adult trematode lives in the intra hepatic bile duct of the liver
103
paragoniums (lung fluke ) and clonorchis (chinese liver fluke )
the parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans
104
taenia (tapeworm )
beef tapeworm | ingestion of contaminated uncooked beef
105
taenia (pork tapeworm )
infection by uncooked pork that contains cystercerci | may lead to epilepsy
106
Echinoccus (dog and rodent tapeworm )
hydatid disease occurs when the larval stages in these organisms is ingested,it may develop in human host and cause lesions in several organs

Microbiology (7 decks)

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