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Microbiology > introduction to eukaryotes > Flashcards

introduction to eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

nuclear envelope

A

membrane enclosing the nucleus .protein lined pores allow material to move in and out

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2
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

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3
Q

nucleolus

A

condensed region where ribosomes are formed

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4
Q

peroxisome

A

metabolizes waste

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5
Q

smooth ER

A

makes lipids

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6
Q

rough ER

A

makes secretory and membrane proteins ,associated with ribosomes

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7
Q

microtubules

A

they form a mitotic spindle and maintain cell shape

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8
Q

centrosome

A

microtuble organizing center

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9
Q

intermediate filaments

A

these are fibrous protein that keep organelles in place

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

digests food

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11
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies protein

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

produces energy

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13
Q

difference between prokaryotic nucleus and eukaryotic nucleus

A

prokaryote - have no nucleoli or nuclear membrane

eukaryote -true nucleus with nuclear membrane and nucleoli

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14
Q

prokaryotes have organelles whilst eukaryotes dont have : true or false

A

false , eukaryotes have organelles

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15
Q

which cell , prokaryote or eukaryote consists of a complex flagella which consists of multiple micro tubules

A

eukaryote ,the prokaryote flagella consists of two building blocks of protein

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16
Q

when a cell wall is present in a eukaryote it is complex :TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE ; It is simple , when a cell wall is present in a prokaryote it is complex (peptidyglocan)

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17
Q

compare the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes -no cytoskeleton and generally lacks sterols

eukaryotes -sterols and carbs are the receptors

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18
Q

ribosomes smaller sized sub units are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes :TRUE OR FALSE

A

true ,they are both 70 s in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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19
Q

eukaryotes lack histones :TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE , they contain hsitones ,they have multiple linear chromosomes ,whereas prokaryotes lack histones and have a single circular chromosome

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20
Q

what type of cell division is in eukaryotes

A

mitosis

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21
Q

what type of cell division is in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

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22
Q

which cell type ,prokaryotes or eukaryotes use meiosis for cell division

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

endosymbosis

A

when one prokaryote lives in the cell of another organism to the benefit of both .

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24
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells

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25
Q

secondary endosymbiotic

A

the product of primary symbiosis is engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote

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26
Q

kingdom protista

A

eukaryotic
unicellular
there are classified into 3 types : animal like , plant like and fungi like

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27
Q

what are the 3 ways protista reproduce :

A

binary fission : splits into two asexually
multiple fission : producing more than two individuals
sexually by conjunctiom

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28
Q

give 4 examples of animal like protista

A

sarcodinians ,ciliaphora ,zooflagellates .sporozoa

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29
Q

give 4 examples of plant like protista

A

rhodophyta (red algae) ,chlorophyta (green algae) ,euglenid (move with flagella )

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30
Q

fungus like protista

A

slime molds

water molds

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31
Q

what falls under the classification of euglenozoa

A

kinetoplastids and euglenids

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32
Q

alveolata

A

ciliates
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans

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33
Q

parabasala

A

parabasalids

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34
Q

stramenoplila

A

oomycetes
diatoms
golden algae and brown algae

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35
Q

cercozoa

A

formaminiferans

chloroarchniophytes

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36
Q

radiolaria

A

radioarians

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37
Q

amoebozoa

A

gymnamoebas
entamoebas
plasmodial slime molds
cellular slime molds

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38
Q

chlorophyta and plantae (viridiplantae)

A

chlorophytes
charophyceans
plantae

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39
Q

in which enviroments would i find sarcodinia

A

aquatic and soil enviroments

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40
Q

how do sarcodinia move

A

they utilze pseudopdia

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41
Q

entamoebas

A

they are parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates

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42
Q

what are the cysts that entamoebas forms (can be transmitted from person to person )

A

entamoeba histolytica -amoebic dysentery
naegleria spp .-primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
acanthamoeba spp.-keratitis

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43
Q

ciliphora features

A

complex and unicellular
use cilia for locomotion
reproduce asexully -bianary fisson
sexually -conjunction

44
Q

zooflagellets characteristics (what do they lack )

A

lack plastids
lack key enzymes
reduced mitochondria

45
Q

how many nucluei do diplomonads have and give an example

A

they have 2,eg giardia -intenstinal giardiasis

46
Q

examples of parabasalids

A

trichomonas -sexually transmitted

47
Q

what has an anterior pocket with 1 or 2 flagella and is a zooglagellate

A

euglenoids e..g euglena

can be autotrophic ,mixotrophic ,heterotrophic

48
Q

2 key charecteristics of kinetoplastids

A

1 flagella

single large mitochondria

49
Q

give 3 examples of kinetoplastids

A

trypansoma -african ,tryanosmiasis ,american and transmiasis leishmania

50
Q

what is the sand fly associated with

A

leishmaniasis

51
Q

how many hosts do sporozoa require ?

A

2 or more different hosts

52
Q

what is a apicoplast and where can i find it

A

its a non-photosynthetic plastid can be found in the sporozoa

53
Q

give 3 examples of sporozoa

A

plasmodium ,cryptosporidium ,toxoplasma

54
Q

what is the causitive agent of malaria

A

plasmodium spp

55
Q

how is malaria transmitted

A

mosquito ,anopheles spp

56
Q

what contains beta carotene and xanthophylis in addition to chlorophyll a and b

A

chlorophyta (green algae )

57
Q

what contains phycoerythin and phyocyanin and chlorophyll

A

rhodophyta

58
Q

what are examples of some rhodophyta

A

agar (gelidium) ,aliginates (var. sources ) ,carrageenan (chondrus )

59
Q

give the characteristics of water molds

A

cell wall contains cellulose but not chitin

non -photosynthetic and include saprobes and parasites and appear as white fluffy growths on dead organisms

60
Q

give examples of water mold and where id find them

A

phytophthora -potato blight
pythium -root rot
albugo -white rust

61
Q

cellular mold characteristics

A 
ingest bacteria (phagocytosis)
cells aggregate to form a multicellular pseudopodium from which arise fruiting body
62
Q

yeast features

A

round or oval shape
unique mode of asexual reproduction
some form pseudohyphae

63
Q

molds features

A

long threadlike
filamentous arrangement
some are dimorphic

64
Q

fungal nutrition

A

acquire nutrients from substrates

65
Q

what are the two types of hypahe

A

vegetative hyphae and reproductive hyphae

66
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves fusion of haploid + and - mating types

67
Q

asexual reproduction (sporangiospores )

A

formed by successive cleavages within the sporangium

released when sporangium ruptures

68
Q

asexual reproduction (conidiospores )

A

free spores

happen either by pinching off the the tip of fertile hypha or by segmentation of vegetative hypha

69
Q

give examples of ascomycota

A

sac fungi

penicillium : morels saccharmyces

70
Q

give examples of basidiomycota

A

club fungi

rusts ; coprinus

71
Q

zygomycota examples

A

rhizopus (bread molds )

72
Q

glomeromycota

A

mycorrrhizal

73
Q

what fungi causes dutch elm disease

A

ophiostoma ulni

74
Q

what causes ergot poisoning in humans

A

claviceps(ascomycota )

75
Q

what fungi causes potato famine

A

phytophthora infestans (alveolata)

76
Q

give fungal human pathogens

A

trychophyton
candida albicans
blastomycosis

77
Q

what are three main parasites that can cause disease in humans

A

protozoa
helminths
ectoparasites

78
Q

entamoeba histolytica :

A

may invade the colon and cause bloody diarrhoea ,also causes amoebic liver abscess

79
Q

balantidium coli

A

ciliate protazon that lives in the colon of pigs humans and rodents and can lead to colonic ulceration

80
Q

giaridia lamblia

A

lives in small intestine and results in malabsorption

81
Q

cryptosporidium parvum

A

non motile protozoan ,more present in the immunocompromised patients

82
Q

cyclospora cyatenesis

A

parasitizes the small intestinal mucosa and may cause diarrhea for several weeks

83
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

flagellate protozoan ,sexually transmitted ,reproduces asexually

84
Q

plasmodium spp

A

non -motile parasite ,causitive agent of malaria,transmitted by anopheles mosquito

85
Q

what are the 4 species of malaria that infect humans

A

p.falciparum ,p.vivax ,p .ovale and p malariae

86
Q

leishmania spp

A

flagellate protozaon ,that is transmitted by sand flies

87
Q

trypansoma in africa

A

sleeping sickness is transmitted by tsetse fly

88
Q

trypansoma in south america

A

chagas disease is transmitted by the reduviid bug

89
Q

toxoplasma

A

non motile protozan

transmitted by the ingestion of oocysts from cat faeces .Cause of neonatal toxoplasmosis

90
Q

helminths are classified as

A 
nemathekminths (round worms ) -class -nematoda 
platyhelminths (flat worms )-class trematoda 
                                              -class cestoda
91
Q

nematodes general features

A

cylindrical bodies and digestive tracts
body covered with cuticle
oral might have hooks
separate male and female sexes and mate to produce eggs

92
Q

what is the ascaris nematode

A

roundworm that causes eosinophilia

93
Q

enterobius

A

pinworm

94
Q

trichuris

A

whipworm
prevalent in warm humid conditions
can cause diarrhoea ,rectal prolapse ,and anamia

95
Q

name two hookwarms

A

necator and ancylostoma

96
Q

strongyloides

A

inhabits small bowel

97
Q

toxocara (tissue nematode )

A

human infection from embryonated eggs are ingested from cat faeces or dog faeces

98
Q

trichinella (tissue nematode )

A

assosiated with consumption of frozen meats and poorly cooked meat

99
Q

filarial nematodes -Onchocerca

A

transmitted by black fly

causes visual impairment and severe itching of the skin in infected individuals

100
Q

wuchereria and brugia

A

the major causative agent of lymphatic filarisis

101
Q

fasciolopsis (intestinal fluke )-trematode

A

chronic infection leads to inflamation ,ulceration and haemorrhage

102
Q

fasciola (liver fluke )-trematode

A

humans become infected when they ingest metacercariae that have encysted on watercress
adult trematode lives in the intra hepatic bile duct of the liver

103
Q

paragoniums (lung fluke ) and clonorchis (chinese liver fluke )

A

the parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans

104
Q

taenia (tapeworm )

A

beef tapeworm

ingestion of contaminated uncooked beef

105
Q

taenia (pork tapeworm )

A

infection by uncooked pork that contains cystercerci

may lead to epilepsy

106
Q

Echinoccus (dog and rodent tapeworm )

A

hydatid disease occurs when the larval stages in these organisms is ingested,it may develop in human host and cause lesions in several organs

Microbiology (7 decks)

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