Introduction to Endodontics

Question 1

how many roots and canals does a maxillary central incisor have

Answer 1

1 root
1 canal

Question 2

how many roots and canals does a maxillary lateral incisor have

Answer 2

1 root
1 canal

Question 3

how many roots and canals does a maxillary canine have

Answer 3

1 root
1 canal

Question 4

how many roots and canals does a maxillary first premolar have

Answer 4

2-3 roots
2 canals

Question 5

how many roots and canals does a maxillary second premolar have

Answer 5

1-3 roots
1 canal

Question 6

how many roots and canals does a maxillary first molar have

Answer 6

3 roots
4 canals

Question 7

how many roots and canals does a maxillary secondary molar have

Answer 7

3 roots
3 canals

Question 8

how many roots and canals does a mandibular central incisor have

Answer 8

1 root
1 canal

Question 9

how many roots and canals does a mandibular lateral incisor have

Answer 9

1 root
1 canal

Question 10

how many roots and canals does a mandibular canine have

Answer 10

1 root
1 canal

Question 11

how many roots and canals does mandibular first premolar have

Answer 11

1 root
1 canal

Question 12

how many roots and canals does a mandibular second premolar have

Answer 12

1 root
1 canal

Question 13

how many roots and canals does a mandibular first molar have

Answer 13

2-3 roots
3 canals

Question 14

how many roots and canals does a mandibular second molar have

Answer 14

2 roots
3 canals

Question 15

what is the first step in biofilm resistance

Answer 15

antimicrobials may fail to penetrate beyond the surface layers of the biofilm

Question 16

what is the second step in biofilm resistance

Answer 16

antimicrobials may be trapped and destroyed by enzymes in the biofilm

Question 17

what is the third step in biofilm resistance

Answer 17

antimicrobials may not be active against non-growing microorganisms

Question 18

what is the fourth step in biofilm resistance

Answer 18

expression of biofilm-specific resistance genes

Question 19

what is the fifth step in biofilm resistance

Answer 19

stress response to hostile environment conditions

Question 20

when bacteria enter pulpal space how do they organise themselves

Answer 20

they are not free floating they develop biofilms to evade host defences

Question 21

where can inflammation reside in endodontic disease

Answer 21

in the pulp complex or at the apex

Question 22

what are three features of apical periodontitis

Answer 22

chronic polymicrobial infection
causes stimulation of host response
leads to connective tissue destruction

Question 23

what are two clinical objectives of RCT

Answer 23

removing canal contents
eliminating infections

Question 24

what is the endo-restorative interface

Answer 24

an environment that allows healing of peri-radicular tissues so that the tooth is retained as a functional unit in the dental arch

Question 25

what are the two terms tertiary dentine can be classed as

Answer 25

reparative or reactionary

Question 26

how is reactionary dentine characterised

Answer 26

tubular structure with greater irregularity

Question 27

how is reparative dentine characterised

Answer 27

dead tracts where the odontoblastic layer has been eradicated - it is atubular and is formed from mesenchymal cells

Question 28

what is the dentine pulp complex derived from

Answer 28

neural crest derived ectomesenchyme

Question 29

what forms enamel

Answer 29

ectoderm

Question 30

what are the typical characteristics of inflammation

Answer 30

vasodilation with increased pulpal blood flow and extravasation due to increased vascular permeability