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Electro & Bio Physiological Agents > Introduction to Electrotherapy > Flashcards

Introduction to Electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Thermal Agents

A

Cold packs, ice, vapocoolant
cold bath/whirlpool
hot packs, paraffin, fluidotherapy

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2
Q

Mechanical Agents

A

mechanical traction

compression stockings/bandages

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3
Q

Electromagnetic Agents

A

TENS , NMES

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4
Q

Electromagnetic & Thermal

A

UV
IR
Laser

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5
Q

Mechanical and Thermal

A

Hydrotherapy & Ultrasound

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6
Q

Cathode

A

gains electrons

  • negatively charged
  • black cord
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7
Q

Anode

A

loses electrons

  • positively charged
  • red cord
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8
Q

polarity

A

relative charge

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9
Q

voltage

A

energy associated with movement of charge (volts)

-potential energy b/w 2 points

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10
Q

current

A

rate of movement of charged particles in a conductor (I or amps)

transfer of energy that causes physiological change

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11
Q

resistance

A

defines the ease of movement within the conductor

-relationship b/w voltage and current

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12
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

I = V/R

V= I x R

as R increases, V needs to increase to maintain constant I

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13
Q

good conductors

A

muscles, nerves, blood

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14
Q

poor conductors

A

skin, adipose tissue

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15
Q

conductors

A

allow charged particles to move easily in an electrical field

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16
Q

resistance can be manipulated for our purpose through (decrease)

A

gels, sponges, wet gauze

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17
Q

resistance can be manipulated for our purpose through (increase)

A

lotions, oils, dry skin & callus

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18
Q

capacitance

A

property that allows the ability to store or release a charge

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19
Q

impedance

can be overcome with

A

takes into account resistance and capacitance

can be overcome with higher frequencies (AC current)

20
Q

Direct Current

A

continuous uninterrupted flow of particles

continuous as long as circuit is closed

wound healing

21
Q

Alternating Current

A

uninterrupted bi-directional flow of particles

large muscles = russian stim

22
Q

alternating current effect on polarity

A

polarity reverses as electrons move in one direction and then in reverse

23
Q

pulsed current

A

uni or bi-directional flow interrupted for a period of time

each pulse is an isolated electrical event

24
Q

pulse

A

isolated electrical event

can be uni- or bidirectional

25
Q

pulse duration

A

time to complete one pulse

which nerve fibers are you trying to stimulate?

26
Q

interpulse interval

A

time between pulses

27
Q

period

A

pulse duration + interpulse interval duration

28
Q

frequency

A

the number of pulses each second

29
Q

rise time

A

time for one pulse to reach its peak amplitude

30
Q

fall time

A

time for one pulse to return to baseline

31
Q

ramp up

A

time across successive pulse to reach a peak

32
Q

ramp down

A

returning to baseline

33
Q

modulation

A

can take place in amplitude, frequency, or pulse duration

need to modulate in order to do pain treatment (stimulus will start to die off)

34
Q

duty cycle

A

(on time / on + off time ) X 100

35
Q

symmetry

A

phases must be mirror images of each other

36
Q

balance of charge

A

the area under the negative phase = the area under the positive phase

37
Q

primary parameters

A

pulse duration: > 400 usec

amplitude: up to 100 mA
frequency: up to 100 pps

38
Q

TENS

39
Q

HPVC

A

wound healing

can be used under water

40
Q

NMES

A

stretching, strengthening, ROM

41
Q

Interferential stimulators

A

AC frequencies - pain

42
Q

Diadynamic (AC) stimulators

A

russian - alternating current

43
Q

Iontophoresis stimulators

A

drug delivery

44
Q

Microcurrent stimulator

A

low current

mimic body natural’s biopotential (does not stimulate nerve of muscles)

45
Q

Monopolar placement

A

return electrode is far away - not apart of activation of muscles

46
Q

bipolar placement

A

using both anode and cathode to excite muscle

47
Q

quadripolar placement

A

interferential - pain treatment

2 channels / 4 electrode

x pattern - causes new wave form (if you dont cross it is russian)

Electro & Bio Physiological Agents (3 decks)

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